{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T16:22:35Z","timestamp":1774023755307,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper focuses on the frequency coded chipless Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) wherein the tag\u2019s information bits are physically encoded by the resonators\u2019 notch position which has an effect on the frequency spectrum of the backscattered or retransmitted signal of the tag. In this regard, the notch analytical model is developed to consider the notch position and quality factor. Besides, the radar cross section (RCS) mathematical representation of the tag is introduced to consider the incident wave\u2019s polarization and orientation angles. Hence, the influences of the incident wave\u2019s orientation and polarization mismatches on the detection performance are quantified. After that, the tag measurement errors and limitations are comprehensively explained. Therefore, approaches to measureing RCS- and retransmission-based tags are introduced. Furthermore, the maximum reading range is theoretically calculated and practically verified considering the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Ultra Wideband (UWB) regulations. In all simulations and experiments conducted, a mono-static configuration is considered, in which one antenna is utilized for transmission and reception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"1843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Frequency-Coded Chipless RFID Tags: Notch Model, Detection, Angular Orientation, and Coverage Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6412-3833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jahangir","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Digital Signal Processing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Maher","family":"Khaliel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Digital Signal Processing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"},{"name":"Benha Faculty of Engineering, Benha University,  Benha 13511, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Abdelfattah","family":"Fawky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Digital Signal Processing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7431-0226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"El-Awamry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Digital Signal Processing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"},{"name":"Benha Faculty of Engineering, Benha University,  Benha 13511, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Digital Signal Processing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5576","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2839689","article-title":"Chipless Dielectric Constant Sensor for Structural Health Testing","volume":"18","author":"Lazaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. 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