{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:28:20Z","timestamp":1780100900460,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["826647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["826647"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CrossLab Dipartimenti di Eccellenza"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CrossLab Dipartimenti di Eccellenza"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the context of growing the adoption of advanced sensors and systems for active vehicle safety and driver assistance, an increasingly important issue is the security of the information exchanged between the different sub-systems of the vehicle. Random number generation is crucial in modern encryption and security applications as it is a critical task from the point of view of the robustness of the security chain. Random numbers are in fact used to generate the encryption keys to be used for ciphers. Consequently, any weakness in the key generation process can potentially leak information that can be used to breach even the strongest cipher. This paper presents the architecture of a high performance Random Number Generator (RNG) IP-core, in particular a Cryptographically Secure Pseudo-Random Number Generator (CSPRNG) IP-core, a digital hardware accelerator for random numbers generation which can be employed for cryptographically secure applications. The specifications used to develop the proposed project were derived from dedicated literature and standards. Subsequently, specific architecture optimizations were studied to achieve better timing performance and very high throughput values. The IP-core has been validated thanks to the official NIST Statistical Test Suite, in order to evaluate the degree of randomness of the numbers generated in output. Finally the CSPRNG IP-core has been characterized on relevant Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and ASIC standard-cell technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"1869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Cryptographically Secure Pseudo-Random Number Generator IP-Core Based on SHA2 Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Baldanzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso n. 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8504-8203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Crocetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso n. 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6996-7285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Falaschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso n. 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1537-2520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Bertolucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso n. 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Belli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso n. 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Fanucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso n. 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Saponara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso n. 16, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldanzi, L., Crocetti, L., Di Matteo, S., Fanucci, L., Saponara, S., and Hameau, P. (2019, January 27\u201329). Crypto Accelerators for Power-Efficient and Real-Time on-Chip Implementation of Secure Algorithms. Proceedings of the 2019 26th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS), Genova, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECS46596.2019.8964731"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldanzi, L., Crocetti, L., Falaschi, F., Belli, J., Fanucci, L., and Saponara, S. (2019, January 11\u201313). Digital Random Number Generator Hardware Accelerator IP-Core for Security Applications. 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Recommendation for Random Number Generation Using Deterministic Random Bit Generators, US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.800-90Ar1"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Dang, Q.H. (2015). Secure Hash Standard\u2014Technical Report, US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74735-2_4","article-title":"High Speed True Random Number Generation with Logic Gates Only. Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","volume":"4727","author":"Dichtl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85053-3_11","article-title":"Fast Digital TRNG Based on Metastable Ring Oscillator. Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems","volume":"5154","author":"Vasyltsov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. 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Secure Hash Standard\u2014SHS: Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 180-4, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassham, L.E., Rukhin, A., Soto, J., Nechvatal, J., Smid, M., Barker, E., Leigh, S., Levenson, M., Vangel, M., and Banks, D. (2010). A Statistical Test Suite for Random and Pseudorandom Number Generators for Cryptographic Applications\u2014Technical Report, US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.800-22r1a"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2020, March 25). Silvaco PDK 45 nm Open Cell Library. Available online: https:\/\/www.silvaco.com\/products\/nangate\/FreePDK45_Open_Cell_Library\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2020, March 25). Artisan TSMC 7 nm Cell Library. Available online: https:\/\/www.tsmc.com\/english\/dedicatedFoundry\/technology\/7nm.htm."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/1869\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:12:31Z","timestamp":1760173951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/1869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20071869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20071869","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]}}}