{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:47:24Z","timestamp":1760237244424,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11603001, 11833001, 11973015, 61931002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11603001, 11833001, 11973015, 61931002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16-12-00071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-12-00071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Earth-based radar astronomical observations provide information on surface characteristics, orbits, and rotations for a wide variety of solar system objects. Based on compound radio telescopes, both the Chinese VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) network (CVN) and the Russian VLBI network (Quasar), in cooperation with the Chinese radar transmitters, we present the current ground radar astronomical observations of the moon. The spectrum of the reflected radio signals was obtained and the Doppler frequency shift in bi-static radar mode was measured. Radar albedo of the observed region and power ratios of the reflected signals with left- and right-hand circular polarizations were determined, allowing us to study the radar reflectivity and near-surface wavelength-scale roughness of the moon. Future developments on radar astronomy are also discussed in the paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"1874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Promoting Earth-Based Radar Astronomical Observations of the Moon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Jinsong","family":"Ping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Bondarenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 191187, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2124-6942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Marshalov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Astronomy, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 191187, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7308-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengchun","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Aerospace Control Center, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Songtao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Aerospace Control Center, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Lue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Aerospace Control Center, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650011, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostro, S. 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