{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:10:04Z","timestamp":1768551004919,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]],"date-time":"2020-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant 11774378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 11774378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant 2018YFC0806900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 2018YFC0806900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of City Integrated Emergency Response Science","award":["Beijing"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Beijing"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper is concerned with imaging techniques for mapping and locating underground pipeline leakage. Ground surface vibrations induced by the propagating axisymmetric wave can be measured by an array of acoustic\/vibration sensors, with the extraction of magnitude information used to determine the position of leak source. A method of connected graph traversal is incorporated into the vibroacoustic technique to obtain the spatial image with better accuracy compared to the conventional magnitude contour plot. Measurements are made on a dedicated cast iron water pipe by an array of seven triaxial geophones. The spectral characteristics of the propagation of leak noise signals from underground water pipes to the ground surface are reported. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that suspicious leakage areas can be readily identified by extracting and fusing the feature patterns at low frequencies where leak noise dominates. The results agree well with the real leakage position in the underground pipeline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"1896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["On Image Fusion of Ground Surface Vibration for Mapping and Locating Underground Pipeline Leakage: An Experimental Investigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Shuan","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Safety Research, Dept. of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Safety Research, Dept. of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Muggleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lizheng","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Safety Research, Dept. of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Compilation of investigation on water loss rate of water supply pipelines in global major cities","volume":"36","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Purif. 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