{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T08:08:02Z","timestamp":1774685282637,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]],"date-time":"2020-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4204107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4204107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019M650020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M650020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electronic medical records (EMRs) are extremely important for patients\u2019 treatment, doctors\u2019 diagnoses, and medical technology development. In recent years, the distributed healthcare blockchain system has been researched for solving the information isolated island problem in centralized healthcare service systems. However, there still exists a series of important problems such as the patients\u2019 sensitive information security, cross-institutional data sharing, medical quality, and efficiency. In this paper, we establish a lightweight privacy-preserving mechanism for a healthcare blockchain system. First, we apply an interleaving encoder to encrypt the original EMRs. This can hide the sensitive information of EMRs to protect the patient\u2019s privacy security. Second, a (    t , n    )-threshold lightweight message sharing scheme is presented. The EMRs are mapped to n different short shares, and it can be reconstructed by at least t shares. The EMR shares rather than the original EMRs are stored in the blockchain nodes. This can guarantee high security for EMR sharing and improve the data reconstruction efficiency. Third, the indexes of the stored EMR shares are employed to generate blocks that are chained together and finally form a blockchain. The authorized data users or institutions can recover an EMR by requesting at least t shares of the EMR from the blockchain nodes. In this way, the healthcare blockchain system can not only facilitate the cross-institution sharing process, but also provide proper protections for the EMRs. The security proof and analysis indicate that the proposed scheme can protect the privacy and security of patients\u2019 medical information. The simulation results show that our proposed scheme is more efficient than similar literature in terms of energy consumption and storage space, and the healthcare blockchain system is more stable with the proposed message sharing scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"1898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Privacy-Preserving in Healthcare Blockchain Systems Based on Lightweight Message Sharing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2445-1987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junsong","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace Security and National Engineering Lab for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8687-8820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Agri-Product Quality Traceability and Beijing Key Laboratory of Big Data Technology for Food Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2009.124","article-title":"Cross-domain data sharing in distributed electronic health record systems","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s11518-009-5108-z","article-title":"Healthcare: A complex service system","volume":"18","author":"Tien","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Syst. Sci. Syst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Li, C.J., Liu, L., Chen, S.Z., Wu, C.C., Huang, C.H., and Chen, X.M. (2004, January 21\u201323). Mobile healthcare service system using RFID. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Nakamoto, S. (2019, December 12). Bitcoin: A Peer-To-Peer Electronic Cash System. Available online: https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/bitcoin.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gervais, A., Karame, G.O., Wust, K., Glykantzis, V., Ritzdorf, H., and Capkun, S. (2016, January 24\u201328). On the Security and Performance of Proof of Work Blockchains. Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978341"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"650","article-title":"Secure and trustable electronic medical records sharing using blockchain","volume":"2017","author":"Dubovitskaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. Annu. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Peterson, K., Deeduvanu, R., Kanjamala, P., and Boles, K. (2016, January 26\u201327). A Blockchain-Based Approach to Health Information Exchange Networks. In Proceeding of NIST Workshop Blockchain Healthcare, Gaithersburg, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2012-001146","article-title":"Patient-controlled sharing of medical imaging data across unaffliated healthcare organizations","volume":"20","author":"Ge","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.2010.003673","article-title":"Health Information Exchange: persistent challenges and new strategies","volume":"17","author":"Vest","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2018.06.003","article-title":"Blockchain technology for healthcare: Facilitating the transition to patient-driven interoperability","volume":"16","author":"Gordon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2014.05.004","article-title":"Collaborative and secure sharing of healthcare data in multi-clouds","volume":"48","author":"Benjamin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2018.02.005","article-title":"Privacy-preserving smart IoT-based healthcare big data storage and self-adaptive access control system","volume":"479","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azaria, A., Ekblaw, A., Vieira, T., and Lippman, A. (2016, January 22\u201324). Medrec: Using blockchain for medical data access and permission management. Proceedings of the 2016 2nd International Conference on Open and Big Data (OBD), Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/OBD.2016.11"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-016-0574-6","article-title":"Healthcare data gateways: Found healthcare intelligence on blockchain with novel privacy risk control","volume":"40","author":"Yue","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s102070100002","article-title":"The elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA)","volume":"1","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2886554","article-title":"A New Lattice-based Signature Scheme in Post-Quantum Blockchain Network","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Miguel, C., and Liskov, B. (1999). Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance, OSDI. Available online: https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/legacy\/events\/osdi99\/full_papers\/castro\/castro_html\/castro.html."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8114.1","article-title":"How blockchain-timestamped protocols could improve the trustworthiness of medical science","volume":"5","author":"Irving","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Taylor, P. (2019, December 12). Applying Blockchain Technology to Medicine Traceability. Available online: https:\/\/www.securingindustry.com\/pharmaceuticals\/applying-blockchain-technology-to-medicine-traceability\/s40\/a2766\/#.XoBiF7h5tPb."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Witchey, N.J. (2015). Healthcare Transaction Validation via Blockchain Proof-Of-Work, Systems and Methods. (Application No. 14\/711,740), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mettler, M. (2016, January 14\u201317). Blockchain technology in healthcare: The revolution starts here. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 18th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/HealthCom.2016.7749510"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.01.018","article-title":"Blockchain based Searchable Encryption for Electronic Health Record Sharing","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Futer Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Amos, B. (2011). Secret-sharing schemes: A survey. International Conference on Coding and Cryptology, Springer."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1145\/359168.359176","article-title":"How to share a secret","volume":"22","author":"Shamir","year":"1979","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop, A., Pastro, V., Rajaraman, R., and Wichs, D. (2016). Essentially optimal robust secret sharing with maximal corruptions. Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-49890-3_3"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11554-015-0540-4","article-title":"An enhanced threshold visual secret sharing based on random grids","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Real-Time Image Process."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"840","article-title":"A new (t, n) multi-secret sharing scheme based on Shamir\u2019s secret sharing","volume":"167","author":"Pang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Comput."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2018.02.064","article-title":"Source-location privacy full protection in wireless sensor networks","volume":"444","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2850312","article-title":"Enabling identity-based integrity auditing and data sharing with sensitive information hiding for secure cloud storage","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"6","article-title":"Blockchain technology: Beyond bitcoin","volume":"71","author":"Crosby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Innov."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/1898\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:13:10Z","timestamp":1760173990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/1898"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20071898"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20071898","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]]}}}