{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T18:10:45Z","timestamp":1772302245360,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology Intramural Grant","award":["2E30090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2E30090"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M3C1B2085292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M3C1B2085292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a wearable hand module which was made of five fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensor and algorithms to achieve high accuracy even when worn on different hand sizes of users. For real-time calculation with high accuracy, FBG strain sensors move continuously according to the size of the hand and the bending of the joint. Representatively, four algorithms were proposed; point strain (PTS), area summation (AREA), proportional summation (PS), and PS\/interference (PS\/I or PS\/I_   \u03b1   ). For more accurate and efficient assessments, 3D printed hand replica with different finger sizes was adopted and quantitative evaluations were performed for index~little fingers (77 to 117 mm) and thumb (68~78 mm). For index~little fingers, the optimized algorithms were PS and PS\/I_   \u03b1   . For thumb, the optimized algorithms were PS\/I_   \u03b1    and AREA. The average error angle of the wearable hand module was observed to be 0.47 \u00b1 2.51\u00b0 and mean absolute error (MAE) was achieved at 1.63 \u00b1 1.97\u00b0. These results showed that more accurate hand modules than other glove modules applied to different hand sizes can be manufactured using FBG strain sensors which move continuously and algorithms for tracking this movable FBG sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"1921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Wearable Hand Module and Real-Time Tracking Algorithms for Measuring Finger Joint Angles of Different Hand Sizes with High Accuracy Using FBG Strain Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea"},{"name":"Display and Nanosystem Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}]},{"given":"Byung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7427-5221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minsu","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea"},{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}]},{"given":"Kyumin","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}]},{"given":"Dae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}]},{"given":"Byeong-Kwon","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Display and Nanosystem Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jinseok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bionics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2009.2021640","article-title":"Wearable sensing glove with embedded hetero-core fiber-optic nerves for unconstrained hand motion capture","volume":"58","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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