{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:27:53Z","timestamp":1780507673446,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51708316, 51778312, and 51809146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51708316, 51778312, and 51809146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to examine the applicability of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensing technology in the static penetration of pipe piles, static penetration tests in clay were conducted using double-wall open and closed model pipe piles. The strain was measured using FBG sensors, and the plug height was measured using a cable displacement sensor. Using one open pile and two closed piles, the difference in pipe pile penetration was compared and analyzed. Based on FBG sensing technology and the strain data, the penetration characteristics of the pipe pile, such as axial force, lateral friction, and driving resistance were examined. Results showed that FBG sensing technology has superior testing performance for the pipe pile penetration process, can accurately reflect the strain time history of pipe piles, and can clearly reflect the penetration process of pipe piles with increasing penetration depth. In addition, the variation law of the characteristics of the jacked pile pile\u2013soil interface was obtained. This test has significance for model tests and the engineering design of pipe piles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"1934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Test and Study of Pipe Pile Penetration in Cohesive Soil Using FBG Sensing Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of civil engineering, Qingdao university of technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of civil engineering, Qingdao university of technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of civil engineering, Qingdao university of technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songkui","family":"Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of civil engineering, Qingdao university of technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of civil engineering, Qingdao university of technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.2008.T.029","article-title":"Field study of construction effects in jacked and driven steel H-piles","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.2006.56.4.245","article-title":"Behaviour of jacked and driven piles in sandy soil","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2017.08.010","article-title":"Time-dependent bearing capacity of a jacked pile: An analytical approach based on effective stress method","volume":"143","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Miao, L., and Wang, F. 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