{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T16:08:59Z","timestamp":1778083739569,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper presented the methodology for the construction of a soft sensor used for activated sludge bulking identification. Devising such solutions fits within the current trends and development of a smart system and infrastructure within smart cities. In order to optimize the selection of the data-mining method depending on the data collected within a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), a number of methods were considered, including: artificial neural networks, support vector machines, random forests, boosted trees, and logistic regression. The analysis conducted sought the combinations of independent variables for which the devised soft sensor is characterized with high accuracy and at a relatively low cost of determination. With the measurement results pertaining to the quantity and quality of wastewater as well as the temperature in the activated sludge chambers, a good fit can be achieved with the boosted trees method. In order to simplify the selection of an optimal method for the identification of activated sludge bulking depending on the model requirements and the data collected within the WWTP, an original system of weight estimation was proposed, enabling a reduction in the number of independent variables in a model\u2014quantity and quality of wastewater, operational parameters, and the cost of conducting measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"1941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Soft Sensor Application in Identification of the Activated Sludge Bulking Considering the Technological and Economical Aspects of Smart Systems Functioning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0559-5475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Szel\u0105g","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Tysi\u0105clecia Pa\u0144stwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1424-0403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Drewnowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11\/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0621-7222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"\u0141ag\u00f3d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40B, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0035-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Majerek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fundamentals of Technology, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Dacewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24\/28, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Fatone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urban Planning-SIMAU, Polytechnic University of Marche Ancona, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.09.087","article-title":"Validation of a decision support tool for wastewater treatment selection","volume":"184","author":"Castillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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