{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T12:40:49Z","timestamp":1783082449378,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa","award":["01250.075413\/2018-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01250.075413\/2018-04"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/14262-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/14262-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["429496\/2018-4; 305958\/2018-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["429496\/2018-4; 305958\/2018-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Point-of-care (PoC) diagnostics is promising for early detection of a number of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, in addition to serving for monitoring health conditions. To be efficient and cost-effective, portable PoC devices are made with microfluidic technologies, with which laboratory analysis can be made with small-volume samples. Recent years have witnessed considerable progress in this area with \u201cepidermal electronics\u201d, including miniaturized wearable diagnosis devices. These wearable devices allow for continuous real-time transmission of biological data to the Internet for further processing and transformation into clinical knowledge. Other approaches include bluetooth and WiFi technology for data transmission from portable (non-wearable) diagnosis devices to cellphones or computers, and then to the Internet for communication with centralized healthcare structures. There are, however, considerable challenges to be faced before PoC devices become routine in the clinical practice. For instance, the implementation of this technology requires integration of detection components with other fluid regulatory elements at the microscale, where fluid-flow properties become increasingly controlled by viscous forces rather than inertial forces. Another challenge is to develop new materials for environmentally friendly, cheap, and portable microfluidic devices. In this review paper, we first revisit the progress made in the last few years and discuss trends and strategies for the fabrication of microfluidic devices. Then, we discuss the challenges in lab-on-a-chip biosensing devices, including colorimetric sensors coupled to smartphones, plasmonic sensors, and electronic tongues. The latter ones use statistical and big data analysis for proper classification. The increasing use of big data and artificial intelligence methods is then commented upon in the context of wearable and handled biosensing platforms for the Internet of things and futuristic healthcare systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"1951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":200,"title":["Microfluidic Point-of-Care Devices: New Trends and Future Prospects for eHealth Diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1742-9957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Ricardo","family":"Mej\u00eda-Salazar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Telecommunications (Inatel), 37540-000 Santa Rita do Sapuca\u00ed, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamilla","family":"Rodrigues Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Telecommunications (Inatel), 37540-000 Santa Rita do Sapuca\u00ed, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsa Mar\u00eda","family":"Mater\u00f3n V\u00e1sques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, P.O. Box 369, 13560-970 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Chemistry Department, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos, CP 676, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Novais de Oliveira Jr.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, P.O. Box 369, 13560-970 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gale, B.K., Jafek, A.R., Lambert, C.J., Goenner, B.L., Moghimifam, H., Nze, U.C., and Kamarapu, S.K. (2018). A Review of Current Methods in Microfluidic Device Fabrication and Future Commercialization Prospects. Inventions, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/inventions3030060"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v112\/i10\/2021-2028","article-title":"Microfluidics: A Boon for Biological Research","volume":"112","author":"Mahesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.4.112601.125916","article-title":"Physics and Applications of Microfluidics in Biology","volume":"4","author":"Beebe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R245","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/37\/23\/R01","article-title":"Integrated Genetic Analysis Microsystems","volume":"37","author":"Lagally","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. D"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"534","article-title":"Miniaturized Total Analysis Systems for Biological Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Aurox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10617","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00359","article-title":"Plasmonic Biosensing","volume":"118","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(92)80293-4","article-title":"Planar Chips Technology for Miniaturization and Integration of Separation Techniques into monitoring Systems: Capillary Electrophoresis on a Chip","volume":"593","author":"Manz","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05059","article-title":"Scaling and the Design of Miniaturized Chemical-Analysis Systems","volume":"442","author":"Janasek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05061","article-title":"Future Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies for Interrogating Individual Molecules","volume":"442","author":"Craighead","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05062","article-title":"Control and Detection of Chemical Reactions in Microfluidic Systems","volume":"442","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3390\/bios5030577","article-title":"Point-of-Care Diagnostics in Low Resource Settings: Present Status and Future Role of Microfluidics","volume":"5","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2385078","article-title":"Microfluidics and Nanotechnology for Detection of Global Infectious Diseases","volume":"103","author":"Damhorst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700197","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.201700197","article-title":"Construction of Plasmonic Nano-Biosensor-Based Devices for Point-of-Care Testing","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damiati, S., Kompella, U.B., Damiati, S.A., and Kodzius, R. (2018). Microfluidic Devices for Drug Delivery Systems and Drug Screening. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9020103"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2525398","article-title":"5G-enabled tactile Internet","volume":"34","author":"Simsek","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M., Yang, J., Hao, Y., Mao, S., and Hwang, K. (2017). A 5G Cognitive System for Healthcare. Big Data Cogn. Comput., 1.","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc1010002"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.8b00625","article-title":"From Point-of-Care Testing to eHealth Diagnostic Devices (eDiagnostics)","volume":"4","author":"Christodouleas","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.04.004","article-title":"A Reliable IoT System for Personal Healthcare Devices","volume":"78","author":"Woo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gene. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.140762","article-title":"Where Chemical Sensors May Assist in Clinical Diagnosis Exploring \u201cBig Data\u201d","volume":"43","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.8b00276","article-title":"A Future with Ubiquitous Sensing and Intelligent Systems","volume":"3","author":"Paulovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.12.307","article-title":"The future of microfluidic point-of-care diagnostic devices","volume":"5","author":"Gomez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc50169h","article-title":"Paper-based microfluidic point-of-care diagnostic devices","volume":"13","author":"Yetisen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4834","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812296116","article-title":"Paper-based microfluidics for DNA diagnostics of malaria in low resource underserved rural communities","volume":"116","author":"Rebouda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15250","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201606060","article-title":"Paper-Origami-Based Multiplexed Malaria Diagnostics from Whole Blood. Angew Chem","volume":"55","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11034","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11034","article-title":"Ultra-Sensitive Protein Detection via Single Molecule Arrays towards Early Stage Cancer Monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Schubert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b00146","article-title":"Protein Counting in Single Cancer Cells","volume":"88","author":"Schubert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)01399-1","article-title":"High-Resolution Chiral Separation Using Microfluidics-Based Membrane Chromatography","volume":"942","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200305498","article-title":"Coated Microfluidic Devices for Improved Chiral Separations in Microchip Electrophoresis","volume":"24","author":"Ludwig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7243","DOI":"10.1021\/ac049046r","article-title":"Simultaneous Concentration and Separation of Enantiomers with Chiral Temperature Gradient Focusing","volume":"76","author":"Balss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2015.2461555","article-title":"An Emerging Era in the Management of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Wearable Technologies and the Internet of Things","volume":"19","author":"Pasluosta","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-018-0257-z","article-title":"Internet of Things in the Assesment, Diagnostics and Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2683(20000101)21:1<27::AID-ELPS27>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Fabrication of Microfluidic Systems in Poly(Dimethylsiloxane)","volume":"21","author":"McDonald","year":"2000","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Soft Lithography for Microfluidics: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochip J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.234","article-title":"Soft Lithography for Micro- and Nanoscale Patterning","volume":"5","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9131","DOI":"10.1021\/ac801729t","article-title":"Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices by Plasma Treatment","volume":"80","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01343-w","article-title":"A Chemically Patterned Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device (C-\u03bcPAD) for Point-of-Care Diagnostics","volume":"7","author":"Lam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1021\/ja031657y","article-title":"Solvent-Resistant Photocurable \u201cLiquid Teflon\u201d for Microfluidic Device Fabrication","volume":"126","author":"Rolland","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"5638","article-title":"Fabrication of Glass-Based Microfluidic Devices with Dry Film Photoresist as Pattern Transfer Mask for Wet Etching","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"R. Soc. Chem. Adv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs2006.23","article-title":"Silicon-Based Microchemical Systems: Characteristics and Applications","volume":"31","author":"Jensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1039\/b906343a","article-title":"Microchemical Systems for Continuous-Flow Synthesis","volume":"9","author":"Hartman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2012.12.047","article-title":"Lithographic Fabrication of Soda-Lime Glass Based Microfluidics","volume":"306","author":"Rojas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1021\/ac503968p","article-title":"Recent Developments in Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices","volume":"87","author":"Cate","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7896","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44455-1","article-title":"Fabrication of Laser Printed Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices (LP-\u03bcPADs) for Point-of-Care Applications","volume":"9","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3790","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC00500G","article-title":"Finger-Powered Microfluidic Systems Using Multilayer Soft Lithography and Injection Molding Processes","volume":"14","author":"Iwai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, D., Papadimitriou, K., Vasilakis, N., Pantelidis, P., Kelleher, P., Morgan, H., and Prodromakis, T. (2018). A Novel Microfluidic Point-of-Care Biosensor System on Printed Circuit Board for Cytokine Detection. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18114011"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27433","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b03350","article-title":"Disposable Microfluidic Immunoarray Device for Sensitive Breast Cancer Biomarker Detection","volume":"9","author":"Melendez","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.07.005","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Immunoassay for Detection of Citrus Tristeza Virus in Citrus Sample Using Disposable Microfluidic Electrochemical Device","volume":"205","author":"Freitas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shankles, P.G., Millet, L.J., Aufrecht, J.A., and Retterer, S.T. (2018). Accessing microfluidics through feature-based design software for 3D printing. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192752"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC00163G","article-title":"The upcoming 3D-printing revolution in microfluidics","volume":"16","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-017-0384-2","article-title":"The recent development and applications of fluidic channels by 3D printing","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05064","article-title":"Microfluidic Diagnostic Technologies for Global Public Health","volume":"442","author":"Yager","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.201600758","article-title":"Electrochemical Biosensors in Point-of-Care Devices: Recent Advances and Future Trends","volume":"4","author":"Souto","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, J.-L., Wang, D.-S., and Fan, S.-K. (2016). Opto-Microfluidic Immunosensors: From Colorimetric to Plasmonic. Micromachines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi7020029"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7299","DOI":"10.1021\/ac502137s","article-title":"Integrating biochemiluminescence detection on smartphones: Mobile chemistry platform for point-of-need analysis","volume":"86","author":"Roda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1039\/C3LC51375K","article-title":"A smartphone platform for the quantification of vitamin D levels","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-013-0918-z","article-title":"Optical systems for point-of-care diagnostic instrumentation: Analysis of imaging performance and cost","volume":"42","author":"Pierce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.01.077","article-title":"A smartphone algorithm with inter-phone repeatability for the analysis of colorimetric tests","volume":"196","author":"Yetisen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.08.027","article-title":"A smartphone-based colorimetric reader for bioanalytical applications using the screen-based bottom illumination provided by gadgets","volume":"67","author":"Vashist","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.03.006","article-title":"Portable smartphone quantitation of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in a fluoropolymer microfluidic device","volume":"70","author":"Barbosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5294","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.005294","article-title":"Smartphone-based multispectral imaging: System development and potential for mobile skin diagnosis","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.003317","article-title":"Histogram analysis for smartphone-based rapid hematocrit determination","volume":"8","author":"Jalal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.000084","article-title":"Colorimetric analysis of saliva?alcohol test strips by smartphone-based instruments using machine-learning algorithms","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13160","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b02612","article-title":"Paper-Plastic Hybrid Microfluidic Device for Smartphone-Based Colorimetric Analysis of Urine","volume":"89","author":"Jalal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/35570","article-title":"Extraordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays","volume":"391","author":"Ebbesen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.8b00789","article-title":"Label-Free Bacteria Quantification in Blood Plasma by a Bioprinted Microarray Based Interferometric Point-of-Care Device","volume":"4","author":"Dey","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-019-0179-1","article-title":"First Point-of-Care PSA Test for Prostate Cancer Detection","volume":"16","author":"Meyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"OPKO Diagnostics (2020, January 22). Instructions for Use. FDA, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf17\/p170037c.pdf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36757","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b14632","article-title":"Microfluidic-Based Genosensor to Detect Human Papillomavirus (HPV16) for Head and Neck Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Soares","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1039\/c0an00292e","article-title":"Recent Advances in Electronic Tongues","volume":"135","author":"Riul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braunger, M.L., Fier, I., Rodrigues, V., Arratia, P.E., and Riul, A. (2020). Microfluidic Mixer with Automated Electrode Switching for Sensing Applications. Chemosensors, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors8010013"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.09.112","article-title":"Microfluidic Electronic Tongue","volume":"207","author":"Daikuzono","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braunger, M.L., Shimizu, F.M., Jimenez, M.J.M., Amaral, L.R., Piazzetta, M.H.O., Gobbi, A.L., Magalh\u00e1es, P.S.G., Rodrigues, V., Oliveira, O.N., and Riul, A. (2017). Microfluidic Electronic Tongue Applied to Soil Analysis. Chemosensors, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors5020014"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.7b00302","article-title":"Functionalization-Free Microfluidic Electronic Tongue Based on a Single Response","volume":"2","author":"Shimizu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19646","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b04252","article-title":"Information Visualization and Feature Selection Methods Applied to Detect Gliadin in Gluten-Containing Foodstuff with a Microfluidic Electronic Tongue","volume":"9","author":"Daikuzono","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.08.133","article-title":"Auxiliary Electrode Oxidation for Naked-Eye Electrochemical Determinations in Microfluidics: Towards on-the-spot Applications","volume":"292","author":"Martucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.8b00056","article-title":"Monitoring the Surface Chemistry of Functionalized Nanomaterials with a Microfluidic Electronic Tongue","volume":"3","author":"Shimizu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3699","DOI":"10.1021\/ac800112r","article-title":"Simple Telemedicine for Developing Regions: Camera Phones and Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices for Real-Time, Off-Site Diagnosis","volume":"80","author":"Martinez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206157","article-title":"Epidermal Electronics","volume":"333","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40741h","article-title":"Point-of-Care Colorimetric Detection with a Smartphone","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc50431j","article-title":"Smartphone Based Health Accessory for Colorimetric Detection of Biomarkers in Sweat and Saliva","volume":"13","author":"Oncescu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1250169","article-title":"Soft Microfluidic Assemblies of Sensors, Circuits, and Radios for the Skin","volume":"344","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"893","article-title":"Development of Microfluidic-Based Telemedicine for Diabetes Care and Screening. Transact. Institute Measurem","volume":"35","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Control"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16521","article-title":"Fully Integrated Wearable Sensor Arrays for Multiplexed in Situ Perspiration Analysis","volume":"529","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.6b00250","article-title":"Wearable Chemical Sensors: Present Challenges and Future Prospects","volume":"1","author":"Bandodkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024119","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4945311","article-title":"A Portable Paper-Based Microfluidic Platform for Multiplexed Electrochemical Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Antibodies in Serum","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366ra165","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf2593","article-title":"A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat","volume":"8","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601355","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201601355","article-title":"Thin, Soft, Skin-Mounted Microfluidic Networks with Capillary Bursting Valves for Chrono-Sampling of Sweat","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.7b00729","article-title":"Epidermal Microfluidic Electrochemical Detection System: Enhanced Sweat Sampling and Metabolite Detection","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.08.077","article-title":"Wearable Non-Invasive Epidermal Glucose Sensors: A Review","volume":"177","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b07021","article-title":"A Serological Point-of-Care Test for the Detection of IgG Antibodies against Ebola Virus in Human Survivors","volume":"12","author":"Brangel","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9397","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc34887j","article-title":"A disposable paper-based electrochemical sensor with an addressable electrode array for cancer screening","volume":"48","author":"Ge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.05.081","article-title":"Electrochemical paper-based microfluidic device for high throughput multiplexed analysis","volume":"203","author":"Fava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2015.10.019","article-title":"Smartphone-based biosensors: A critical review and perspectives","volume":"79","author":"Roda","year":"2016","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, Z., Zhang, X., Fan, Z., Lv, X., Su, Y., and Chen, H. (2017). Recent Progress in Optical Biosensors Based on Smartphone Platforms. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112449"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2019.04.037","article-title":"Smartphone with optical, physical, and electrochemical nanobiosensors","volume":"77","author":"Seo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urusov, A.E., Zherdev, A.V., and Dzantiev, B.B. (2019). Towards Lateral Flow Quantitative Assays: Detection Approaches. Biosensors, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios9030089"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-018-0071-z","article-title":"Wearable sensors for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Which data are worth collecting for training symptom detection models","volume":"1","author":"Lonini","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00157","article-title":"Multidimensional circadian Monitoring by Wearable Biosensors in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Campos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.05.003","article-title":"Use of nonintrusive sensor-based information and communication technology for real-world evidence for clinical trials in dementia","volume":"14","author":"Teipel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dang, Q.K., Seo, H.G., Pham, D.D., and Chee, Y. (2019). Wearable Sensor Based Stooped Posture Estimation in Simulated Parkinson\u2019s Disease Gaits. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020223"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzetta, I., Zampogna, A., Suppa, A., Gumiero, A., Pessione, M., and Irrera, F. (2019). Wearable Sensors System for an Improved Analysis of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Electromyography and Inertial Signals. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040948"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b01127","article-title":"Wearable Electrochemical Microneedle Sensor for Continuous Monitoring of Levodopa: Toward Parkinson Management","volume":"4","author":"Goud","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.10.081","article-title":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring Using a Microneedle Array Sensor Coupled with a Wireless Signal Transmitter","volume":"281","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.05.359","article-title":"IoT-based continuous glucose monitoring system: A feasibility study","volume":"109C","author":"Gia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfian, G., Syafrudin, M., Ijaz, M.F., Syaekhoni, M.A., Fitriyani, N.L., and Rhee, J. (2018). A Personalized Healthcare Monitoring System for Diabetic Patients by Utilizing BLE-Based Sensors and Real-Time Data Processing. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072183"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guk, K., Han, G., Lim, J., Jeong, K., Kang, T., Lim, E.-K., and Jung, J. (2019). Evolution of Wearable Devices with Real-Time Disease Monitoring for Personalized Healthcare. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9060813"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"155","article-title":"3D-Printed Point-of-Care Platform for Genetic Testing of Infectious Diseases Directly in Human Samples Using Acoustic Sensors and a Smartphone","volume":"35","author":"Papadakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.02.055","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of a Fog-Assisted IoT Solution for e-Health Applications","volume":"97","author":"Vilela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035008","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/26\/3\/035008","article-title":"Rapid Fabrication of Microfluidic PDMS Devices from Reusable PDMS Molds Using Laser Ablation","volume":"26","author":"Isiksacan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13915","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b03169","article-title":"Mask-Free Laser Lithography for Rapid and Low-Cost Microfluidic Device Fabrication","volume":"90","author":"Trantidou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05060","article-title":"Developing Optofluidic Technology Through the Fusion of Microfluidics and Optics","volume":"442","author":"Psaltis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094303","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2191572","article-title":"Optical Manipulation of Neutral Nanoparticles Suspended in a Microfluidic Channel","volume":"99","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4307","article-title":"Lateral Optical Force on Chiral Particles Near a Surface","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Comm."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13190","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516704112","article-title":"Lateral Chirality-Sorting Optical Forces","volume":"112","author":"Hayat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16092","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2016.92","article-title":"Unraveling the Optomechanical Nature of Plasmonic Trapping","volume":"5","author":"Mestres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245430","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.94.245430","article-title":"Repulsion of Polarized Particles Near a Magneto-Optical Metamaterial","volume":"94","author":"Granada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075419","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.100.075419","article-title":"Lateral Optical Force on Linearly Polarized Dipoles Near a Magneto-Optical Surface Based on Polarization Conversion","volume":"100","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"70","article-title":"Stereochemistry in Drug Action","volume":"5","author":"McConathy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"197","article-title":"The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Impact of Point-of-Care Ultrasonography in the Intensive Care Unit","volume":"32","author":"Albert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26584","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26584","article-title":"Engineering a 3D Microfluidic Culture Platform for Tumor-Treating Field Application","volume":"6","author":"Pavesi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/1951\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:13:43Z","timestamp":1760174023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/1951"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20071951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20071951","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]}}}