{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T11:45:15Z","timestamp":1775735115339,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18H05364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H05364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quadcopters are beginning to play an important role in precision agriculture. In order to localize and operate the quadcopter automatically in complex agricultural settings, such as a greenhouse, a robust positioning system is needed. In previous research, we developed a spread spectrum sound-based local positioning system (SSSLPS) with a 20 mm accuracy within a 30 \u00d7 30 m greenhouse area. In this research, a noise tolerant SSSLPS was developed and evaluated. First, the acoustic noise spectrum emitted by the quadcopter was documented, and then the noise tolerance properties of SSSounds were examined and tested. This was done in a greenhouse with a fixed quadcopter (9.75 N thrust) with the positioning system mounted on it. The recorded quadcopter noise had a broadband noise compared to the SSSound. Taking these SSSound properties into account, the noise tolerance of the SSSLPS was improved, achieving a positioning accuracy of 23.2 mm and 31.6 mm accuracy within 12 \u00d7 6 m for both Time-division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency-division Multiple Access (FDMA) modulation. The results demonstrate that the SSSLPS is an accurate, robust positioning system that is noise tolerant and can used for quadcopter operation even within a small greenhouse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20071981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T11:57:14Z","timestamp":1585828634000},"page":"1981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Noise Tolerant Spread Spectrum Sound-Based Local Positioning System for Operating a Quadcopter in a Greenhouse"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4053-0201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zichen","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lok Wai Jacky","family":"Tsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoo","family":"Shiigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ocean Mechanical Engineering, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki 7596595, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xunyue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Nakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6158540, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1367-4402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuhito","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoshi","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068502, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"249","article-title":"Navigation and Applicability of Hexa Rotor Drones in Greenhouse Environment","volume":"25","author":"Simon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Teh. 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