{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T17:04:04Z","timestamp":1787936644877,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]],"date-time":"2020-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004770","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u201cMulti-interface IoT sYstems for Multi-layer Information Processing (MIoTYMIP)\u201d project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u201cMulti-interface IoT sYstems for Multi-layer Information Processing (MIoTYMIP)\u201d project"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004770","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009879","name":"Regione Emilia-Romagna","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\"Sistemi IoT per la raccolta e l'elaborazione dei dati efficienti in agricoltura di precisione e sostenibile (AgrIoT)\""],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\"Sistemi IoT per la raccolta e l'elaborazione dei dati efficienti in agricoltura di precisione e sostenibile (AgrIoT)\""]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020 Framework Program, Grant No. 783221, AFarCloud project - ``Aggregate Farming in the Cloud.''"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020 Framework Program, Grant No. 783221, AFarCloud project - ``Aggregate Farming in the Cloud.''"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Presently, the adoption of Internet of Things (IoT)-related technologies in the Smart Farming domain is rapidly emerging. The ultimate goal is to collect, monitor, and effectively employ relevant data for agricultural processes, with the purpose of achieving an optimized and more environmentally sustainable agriculture. In this paper, a low-cost, modular, and Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN)-based IoT platform, denoted as \u201cLoRaWAN-based Smart Farming Modular IoT Architecture\u201d (LoRaFarM), and aimed at improving the management of generic farms in a highly customizable way, is presented. The platform, built around a core middleware, is easily extensible with ad-hoc low-level modules (feeding the middleware with data coming from the sensors deployed in the farm) or high-level modules (providing advanced functionalities to the farmer). The proposed platform has been evaluated in a real farm in Italy, collecting environmental data (air\/soil temperature and humidity) related to the growth of farm products (namely grapes and greenhouse vegetables) over a period of three months. A web-based visualization tool for the collected data is also presented, to validate the LoRaFarM architecture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T03:58:39Z","timestamp":1586231919000},"page":"2028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":176,"title":["LoRaFarM: A LoRaWAN-Based Smart Farming Modular IoT Architecture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2857-1617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaia","family":"Codeluppi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internet of Things (IoT) Lab, Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 181\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0242-5227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Cilfone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internet of Things (IoT) Lab, Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 181\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4396-8885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Davoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internet of Things (IoT) Lab, Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 181\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6688-0934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internet of Things (IoT) Lab, Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 181\/A, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danita, M., Mathew, B., Shereen, N., Sharon, N., and Paul, J.J. 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