{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T07:43:38Z","timestamp":1780386218271,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71790615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71790615"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71991463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71991463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Major Integration Research Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["91846301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91846301"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province","award":["18A303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18A303"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of industrial internet of thing (IIoT), the distributed topology of IIoT and resource constraints of edge computing conduct new challenges to traditional data storage, transmission, and security protection. A distributed trust and allocated ledger of blockchain technology are suitable for the distributed IIoT, which also becomes an effective method for edge computing applications. This paper proposes a resource constrained Layered Lightweight Blockchain Framework (LLBF) and implementation mechanism. The framework consists of a resource constrained layer (RCL) and a resource extended layer (REL) blockchain used in IIoT. We redesign the block structure and size to suit to IIoT edge computing devices. A lightweight consensus algorithm and a dynamic trust right algorithm is developed to improve the throughput of blockchain and reduce the number of transactions validated in new blocks respectively. Through a high throughput management to guarantee the transaction load balance of blockchain. Finally, we conducted kinds of blockchain simulation and performance experiments, the outcome indicated that the method have a good performance in IIoT edge application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T03:58:39Z","timestamp":1586231919000},"page":"2061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["A Novel Blockchain Framework for Industrial IoT Edge Computing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xuesong","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for New Retail Virtual Reality Technology, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China"},{"name":"Hunan Province Engineering Research Center of Ecologic Environment Big Data and Intelligent Decision-Making Technology, Changsha 410205, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for New Retail Virtual Reality Technology, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengjie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for New Retail Virtual Reality Technology, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for New Retail Virtual Reality Technology, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nakamoto, S. (2019, May 21). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Available online: https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/bitcoin.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay, U., Skjellum, A., and Hambolu, O. (2016, January 12\u201314). A Brief Survey of Cryptocurrency Systems. Proceedings of the 2016 14th Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST), Auckland, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/PST.2016.7906988"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Antonopoulos, A.M. (2014). Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Crypto-Currencies, O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2018.2816299","article-title":"Everything you wanted to know about the blockchain: Its promise, components, processes, and problems","volume":"7","author":"Puthal","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19293","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2749422","article-title":"Security and privacy in fog computing: Challenges","volume":"5","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Swan, M. (2015). Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy, O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2535718","article-title":"Bitcoin and beyond: A technical survey on decentralized digital currencies","volume":"18","author":"Tschorsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"481","article-title":"Blockchain: The State of the Art and Future Trends","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACTA Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, D., and Ateniese, G. (2015). From Pretty Good to Great: Enhancing PGP Using Bitcoin and the Blockchain in Network and System Security, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25645-0_25"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13565","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2812176","article-title":"LNSC: A security model for electric vehicle and charging pile management based on blockchain ecosystem","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700879","article-title":"BlockChain: A Distributed Solution to Automotive Security and Privacy","volume":"12","author":"Dorri","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2740569","article-title":"Blockchain-Based Dynamic Key Management for Heterogeneous Intelligent Transportation Systems","volume":"6","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2017.2709784","article-title":"Enabling Localized Peer-to-Peer Electricity Trading Among Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Consortium Blockchains","volume":"6","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2777990","article-title":"CreditCoin: A Privacy-Preserving Blockchain-Based Incentive Announcement Network for Communications of Smart Vehicles","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Zheng, K., Yang, K., and Leung, V. (2017, January 8\u201313). A blockchain-based reputation system for data credibility assessment in vehicular networks. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 28th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2017.8292724"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17545","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2805837","article-title":"A Blockchain Based Privacy-Preserving Incentive Mechanism in Crowdsensing Applications","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Tian, F. (2016, January 24\u201326). An agri-food supply chain traceability system for China based on RFID & blockchain technology. Proceedings of the IEEE 13th Int. Conf. on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM), Kunming, China."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Z., Liu, W., Wang, Q., Qu, G., and Liu, Z. A Privacy-Preserving Trust Model Based on Blockchain for VANETs. IEEE Access, 2018.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2864189"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"3690","article-title":"Consortium Blockchain for Secure Energy Trading in Industrial Internet of Things","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8076","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2920987","article-title":"Blockchain for Internet of Things: A Survey","volume":"6","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Kong, L., Dai, H., and Chen, G. (2020). Blockchain Based Mobile Crowd Sensing in Industrial Systems. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform.","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2963728"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Yang, L.T., Wang, Y., Ren, L., and Wang, Y.H. (2020). ADTT: A Highly-Efficient Distributed Tensor-Train Decomposition Method for IIoT Big Data. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform.","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2967768"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Albela, M., Fern\u00e1ndez, T.M., and Fraga-Lamas, P. (2017). A Practical Evaluation of a High-Security Energy Efficient Gateway for IoT Fog Computing Applications. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17091978"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9917","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2806303","article-title":"Grid Monitoring: Secured sovereign blockchain based monitoring on smart grid","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1367","article-title":"Distributed Blockchain-Based Data Protection Framework for Modern Power Systems against Cyber Attacks","volume":"10","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1226","article-title":"Security and Privacy in Decentralized Energy Trading through Multi-signatures, Blockchain and Anonymous Messaging Streams","volume":"37","author":"Aitzhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secur. Comput."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2566339","article-title":"Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things","volume":"4","author":"Christidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1109\/TMSCS.2015.2498605","article-title":"Privacy and security in internet of things and wearable devices","volume":"1","author":"Arias","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multi Scale Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.10.019","article-title":"Blockchain\u2019s adoption in IoT: The challenges, and a way forward","volume":"125","author":"Makhdoom","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2019.08.005","article-title":"LSB: A Lightweight Scalable BlockChain for IoT Security and Privacy","volume":"134","author":"Dorri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700360","article-title":"A Cloud-Edge Computing Framework for Cyber-Physical-Social Services","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1587\/transcom.2018EBP3153","article-title":"Security performance analysis for relay selection in cooperative communication system under Nakagami-m fading channel","volume":"E102-B","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1520","article-title":"Game dilemma analysis and optimization of PoW consensus algorithm","volume":"43","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2017.09.003","article-title":"Blockchain\u2019s roles in strengthening cybersecurity and protecting privacy","volume":"41","author":"Kshetri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Telecommun. Policy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.01.014","article-title":"Blockchain for Internet of Energy management: Review, solutions, and challenges","volume":"151","author":"Miglani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2019.12.019","article-title":"Blockchain 3.0 applications survey","volume":"138","author":"Damiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8444","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2877610","article-title":"Security-reliability tradeoff for distributed antenna systems in heterogeneous cellular networks","volume":"17","author":"Zou","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2853101","article-title":"Physical layer security in multihop AF relay network based on compressed sensing","volume":"22","author":"Qing","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2019.106002","article-title":"Use cases for Blockchain in the Energy Industry Opportunities of emerging business models and related risks","volume":"137","author":"Mary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","article-title":"Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications","volume":"17","author":"Fuqaha","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S.A., Vealey, T., and Srivastava, H. (2016, January 5\u20138). Security in internet of things: Challenges, solutions and future directions. Proceedings of the IEEE 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), Koloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2016.714"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Nguyen, C., Pubudu, N., Ming, M., and Seneviratne, A. (2019). Integration of Blockchain and Cloud of Things: Architecture, Applications and Challenges. arXiv."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/2061\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:16:01Z","timestamp":1760174161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/2061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20072061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20072061","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]}}}