{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T21:25:12Z","timestamp":1773091512947,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61871218, 61801211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61871218, 61801211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a type of effective electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) technique for suppressing the high-power deception jamming using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) radar is proposed. Concerning the velocity deception jamming, the initial phases of the pulses transmitted in a coherent processing interval (CPI) are designed to minimize the jamming power within a specific range, forming a notch around the jamming in the Doppler spectrum. For the purpose of suppressing the range deception jamming and the joint range-velocity deception jamming, the phase codes of the subcarriers belonging to the OFDM pulses are optimized to minimize the jamming power, distributing some specific bands in the range and the range-velocity domain, respectively. According to Parseval\u2019s theorem, the phase encoding, acting as the coding manner of the OFDM subcarriers can ensure that the energy of each OFDM symbol stays the same. It is worth noticing that the phase codes of the OFDM subcarriers can influence the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Thus, an optimization problem is formulated to optimize the phase codes of the subcarriers under the constraint of global PAPR, which can regulate the PAPRs of multiple OFDM symbols at the same time. The proposed problem is non-convex; therefore, it is a huge challenge to tackle. Then we present a method named by the phase-only alternating direction method multipliers (POADMM) to solve the aforementioned optimization problem. Some necessary simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed radar signaling strategy<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T05:59:47Z","timestamp":1586325587000},"page":"2071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["ECCM Schemes against Deception Jamming Using OFDM Radar with Low Global PAPR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xinhai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Marine Radar Institute, Nanjing 211153, China"}]},{"given":"Gong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Radar Imaging and Microware Photonics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangmin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Marine Radar Institute, Nanjing 211153, China"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Marine Radar Institute, Nanjing 211153, China"}]},{"given":"Fangqing","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Demonstration Center for Experimental Electrical and Electronic Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1109\/7.395232","article-title":"A survey of radar ECM and ECCM","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Anil, K.M. (2018). Electronic Warfare, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhu, J., Wang, J., and Tang, B. (2019). A Switched-Element System Based Direction of Arrival (DOA) Estimation Method for Un-Cooperative Wideband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multi Linear Frequency Modulation (OFDM-LFM) Radar Signals. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010132"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerreiro, J., Dinis, R., and Campos, L. (2020). On the Achievable Capacity of MIMO-OFDM Systems in the CathLab Environment. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030938"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2637059","article-title":"Source estimation using coprime array: A sparse reconstruction perspective","volume":"17","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, C., Wang, F., Salous, S., and Zhou, J. (2017). Optimal Power Allocation Strategy in a Joint Bistatic Radar and Communication System Based on Low Probability of Intercept. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122731"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuerger, J., and Garmatyuk, D. (2009, January 4\u20138). Performance of random OFDM radar signals in deception jamming scenarios. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Radar Conference, Pasadena, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2009.4977015"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2007.909326","article-title":"Radar Detection and Classification of Jamming Signals Belonging to a Cone Class","volume":"56","author":"Greco","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5984","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2010.2077283","article-title":"Detection Algorithms to Discriminate Between Radar Targets and ECM Signals","volume":"58","author":"Bandiera","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2015.07.006","article-title":"Adaptive array detection in noise and completely unknown jamming","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2006.1603414","article-title":"SAR-ECCM using phase-Perturbed LFM chirp signals and DRFM repeat jammer penalization","volume":"42","author":"Soumekh","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2017.0365","article-title":"Range jamming suppression with a coupled sequential estimation algorithm","volume":"12","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6494414","article-title":"New Antivelocity Deception Jamming Technique using Pulses with Adaptive Initial Phases","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Wu, J., Cui, G., Li, L., Kong, L., and Huang, Y. (2015, January 10\u201315). Optimized phase-Coded waveform design against velocity deception. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Radar Conference, Arlington, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2018.5158","article-title":"Joint range\u2013Velocity deception jamming suppression for SIMO radar","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, L., Addabbo, P., Hao, C., Orlando, D., and Farina, A. (2019). New ECCM Techniques Against Noise-Like and\/or Coherent Interferers. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2019.2929968"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/35.54342","article-title":"Multicarrier modulation for data transmission: An idea whose time has come","volume":"28","author":"Bingham","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4194","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2280190","article-title":"Investigations on OFDM Signal for Range Ambiguity Suppression in SAR Configuration","volume":"52","author":"Baudais","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4748","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2014.2339796","article-title":"IRCI Free Range Reconstruction for SAR Imaging with Arbitrary Length OFDM Pulse","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3780","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2165546","article-title":"Adaptive Multicarrier OFDM SAR Signal Processing","volume":"49","author":"Garmatyuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2957511","article-title":"Joint 2D-DOD, 2D-DOA and polarization angles estimation for bistatic EMVS-MIMO radar via PARAFAC analysis","volume":"69","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, F., Wang, J., Shi, J., and Gui, G. (2020). Auxiliary Vehicle Positioning Based on Robust DOA Estimation with Unknown Mutual Coupling. IEEE Internet Things J.","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2979771"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5956","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2018.2872012","article-title":"Direction-Of-Arrival estimation for coprime array via virtual array interpolation","volume":"66","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, F., Shi, J., and Zhang, Z. (2020). Direction Finding for Bistatic MIMO Radar with Unknown Spatially Colored Noise. Circuits Syst. Signal Process.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2020.107512"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2116030","article-title":"Space\u2013Time Coding MIMO-OFDM SAR for High-Resolution Imaging","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2018.2872400","article-title":"Off-Grid direction-Of-Arrival estimation using coprime array interpolation","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2016.1048","article-title":"Compressive sensing-Based coprime array direction-Of-Arrival estimation","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2704610","article-title":"A robust and efficient algorithm for coprime array adaptive beamforming","volume":"67","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Stralka, J.P. (2008). Applications of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to Radar. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2014.2382637","article-title":"Waveform Optimization for Transmit Beamforming with MIMO Radar Antenna Arrays","volume":"63","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1109\/78.771033","article-title":"Optimum phase-Only adaptive nulling","volume":"47","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1561\/2200000016","article-title":"Distributed Optimization and Statistical Learning via the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers","volume":"3","author":"Boyd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Found. Trends Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2018.2880711","article-title":"Optimized Signal Distortion for PAPR Reduction of OFDM Signals With IFFT\/FFT Complexity Via ADMM Approaches","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/2071\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:16:12Z","timestamp":1760174172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/2071"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20072071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20072071","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]}}}