{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T08:23:57Z","timestamp":1765268637001,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005386","name":"Israeli Centers for Research Excellence","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1716\/12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1716\/12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clinically feasible assessment of self-feeding is important for adults and children with motor impairments such as stroke or cerebral palsy. However, no validated assessment tool for self-feeding kinematics exists. This work presents an initial validation of an instrumented spoon (DataSpoon) developed as an evaluation tool for self-feeding kinematics. Ten young, healthy adults (three male; age 27.2 \u00b1 6.6 years) used DataSpoon at three movement speeds (slow, comfortable, fast) and with three different grips: \u201cnatural\u201d, power and rotated power grip. Movement kinematics were recorded concurrently using DataSpoon and a magnetic motion capture system (trakSTAR). Eating events were automatically identified for both systems and kinematic measures were extracted from yaw, pitch and roll (YPR) data as well as from acceleration and tangential velocity profiles. Two-way, mixed model Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were computed to determine agreement between the systems for each kinematic variable. Most variables demonstrated fair to excellent agreement. Agreement for measures of duration, pitch and roll exceeded 0.8 (excellent agreement) for &gt;80% of speed and grip conditions, whereas lower agreement (ICC &lt; 0.46) was measured for tangential velocity and acceleration. A bias of 0.01\u20130.07 s (95% LOA [\u22120.54, 0.53] to [\u22120.63, 0.48]) was calculated for measures of duration. DataSpoon enables automatic detection of self-feeding using simple, affordable movement sensors. Using movement kinematics, variables associated with self-feeding can be identified and aid clinical reasoning for adults and children with motor impairments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T14:42:03Z","timestamp":1586443323000},"page":"2114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["DataSpoon: Validation of an Instrumented Spoon for Assessment of Self-Feeding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4691-6797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tal","family":"Krasovsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"},{"name":"Pediatric Rehabilitation Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel"}]},{"given":"Patrice L.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}]},{"given":"Oren","family":"Zuckerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Media Innovation Lab, The Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Herzliya 4610101, Israel"}]},{"given":"Avihay","family":"Bar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Media Innovation Lab, The Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Herzliya 4610101, Israel"},{"name":"Efi Arazi School of Computer Science, The Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Herzliya 4610101, Israel"}]},{"given":"Tal","family":"Keren-Capelovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8845-5082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-9-21","article-title":"A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation","volume":"9","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuro Eng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20140253","article-title":"Role of body-worn movement monitor technology for balance and gait rehabilitation","volume":"95","author":"Horak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.07.003","article-title":"gait assessment in young and elderly subjects using foot-worn inertial sensors","volume":"43","author":"Mariani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25684","article-title":"Objective biomarkers of balance and gait for Parkinson\u2019s disease using body-worn sensors","volume":"28","author":"Horak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.06.008","article-title":"Comparative assessment of different methods for the estimation of gait temporal parameters using a single inertial sensor: Application to elderly, post-stroke, Parkinson\u2019s disease and Huntington\u2019s disease subjects","volume":"42","author":"Trojaniello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-012-1006-5","article-title":"Gait analysis in children with cerebral palsy via inertial and magnetic sensors","volume":"51","author":"Ferrari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2015.09.004","article-title":"A new way of assessing arm function in activity using kinematic Exposure Variation Analysis and portable inertial sensors\u2013A validity study","volume":"21","author":"Ertzgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Manual. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16196","DOI":"10.3390\/s150716196","article-title":"Inertial sensing based assessment methods to quantify the effectiveness of post-stroke rehabilitation","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemmens, R.J., Janssen-Potten, Y.J., Timmermans, A.A., Smeets, R.J., and Seelen, H.A. (2015). Recognizing Complex Upper Extremity Activities Using Body Worn Sensors. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118642"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.04.008","article-title":"Effect of an auditory feedback substitution, tactilo-kinesthetic, or visual feedback on kinematics of pouring water from kettle into cup","volume":"51","author":"Portnoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadomura, A., Li, C.Y., Chen, Y.C., Tsukada, K., Siio, I., and Chu, H.H. (2013). Sensing fork: Eating behavior detection utensil and mobile persuasive game. CHI\u201913 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2468356.2468634"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chia, F.-Y., and Saakes, D. (2014). Interactive training chopsticks to improve fine motor skills. Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology, Funchal, Portugal, 11\u201314 November 2014, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2663806.2663816"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuckerman, O., Slyper, R., Keren-Capelovitch, T., Gal-Oz, A., Gal, T., and Weiss, P.L. (2015). Assisting Caregivers of Children with Cerebral Palsy: Towards a Self-Feeding Assessment Spoon. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction, Stanford, CA, USA, 15\u201319 January 2015, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2677199.2687902"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuckerman, O., Gal, T., Keren-Capelovitch, T., Karsovsky, T., Gal-Oz, A., and Weiss, P.L.T. (2016). DataSpoon: Overcoming Design Challenges in Tangible and Embedded Assistive Technologies. Proceedings of the TEI \u201916: Tenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction, Eindhoven The Netherlands, 14\u201317 February 2016, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2839462.2839505"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henderson, A. (2006). Self-care and hand skill. Hand Function in the Child, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-032303186-8.50013-7"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215507086181","article-title":"Handle size as a task constraint in spoon-use movement in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2019.1591037","article-title":"Hand function and type of grasp used by chronic stroke individuals in actual environment","volume":"26","author":"Demartino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309338194","article-title":"Grip Force Control in Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Iyengar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2006.01940a.x","article-title":"The use of ergonomic spoons by people with cerebral palsy: Effects on food spilling and movement kinematics","volume":"48","author":"Steenbergen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.11.022","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of performance of an upper limb functional task among adults with dyskinetic cerebral palsy","volume":"39","author":"Artilheiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Van Roon, D., van der Kemp, J., and Steenbergen, B. (2013). Constraints in children\u2019s learning to use spoons. Development of Movement Coordination in Children: Applications in the Field of Ergonomics, Health Sciences and Sport, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"186","article-title":"Trunk recruitment during spoon use in tetraparetic cerebral palsy","volume":"55","author":"Roon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.08.242","article-title":"Identifying Kinematics of Self-Feeding by Young Children: Foundation for Assessment Using an Instrumented Spoon","volume":"100","author":"Krasovsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.06.013","article-title":"Quantitative assessment based on kinematic measures of functional impairments during upper extremity movements: A review","volume":"29","author":"Torricelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"van Roon, D., van der Kamp, J., and Steenbergen, B. (2003). Learning to use spoons. Development of Movement Coordination in Children, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326969eco0902_1","article-title":"Spoon Handling in Two-to-Four-Year-Old Children","volume":"9","author":"Steenbergen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.25.6.894","article-title":"The emergence of a tool-using skill in infancy","volume":"25","author":"Connolly","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.10.023","article-title":"Deficits in Upper-Limb Task Performance in Children with Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy as Defined by 3-Dimensional Kinematics","volume":"87","author":"Mackey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.10.031","article-title":"Temporal\u2013spatial reach parameters derived from inertial sensors: Comparison to 3D marker-based motion capture","volume":"52","author":"Rose","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-07-01688.1985","article-title":"The coordination of arm movements: An experimentally confirmed mathematical model","volume":"5","author":"Flash","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968306298414","article-title":"Improvement of arm movement patterns and endpoint control depends on type of feedback during practice in stroke survivors","volume":"21","author":"Cirstea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuro Rehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32833f61ce","article-title":"What\u2019s new in new technologies for upper extremity rehabilitation?","volume":"23","author":"Brochard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.57.2.129","article-title":"Computerized temporal handwriting characteristics of proficient and non-proficient handwriters","volume":"57","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00623","article-title":"Offline optimization of the relative timing of movements in a sequence is blocked by retroactive behavioral interference","volume":"10","author":"Friedman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bullock, I.M., Feix, T., and Dollar, A.M. (2014). Analyzing human fingertip usage in dexterous precision manipulation: Implications for robotic finger design. 2014 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Chicago, IL, USA, 14\u201318 September 2014, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2014.6942772"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/2114\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:16:46Z","timestamp":1760174206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/2114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20072114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20072114","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]}}}