{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T18:14:31Z","timestamp":1761156871526,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61901431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the demand for high resolution remote sensing, load array technology has gradually become an effective measure to improve imaging resolution. However, the external flow and internal engine vibration disturbance may lead to the flexible deformation of wings. The traditional rigid baseline error compensation method cannot solve the problem of serious coupling movement error caused by flexible deformation. To address the problem, a transfer alignment model based on fiber Bragg grating for distributed position and orientation system is proposed in this paper. Firstly, based on the multidimensional requirements of flexible deformation information, the layout scheme of fiber Bragg grating was designed, then the continuous strain in the wing surface was obtained after the quadratic fitting of strain measured by fiber Bragg gratings, and the deformation displacement and angle are calculated. Thirdly, flexible deformation compensation for distributed position and orientation system based on fiber Bragg grating was studied. The state equation including position error, velocity error, misalignment angle, and inertial device error was established. The position and attitude information compensated by the flexible lever arm was used as the quantitative measurement. The filtering estimation improved the measurement accuracy of the slave inertial navigation systems. At last, the experiment was carried out and showed that the accuracy of the transfer alignment has been improved significantly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T14:42:03Z","timestamp":1586443323000},"page":"2120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Airborne Distributed Position and Orientation System Transfer Alignment Method Based on Fiber Bragg Grating"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mechanics and Acoustic Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Academy of Electronics and Information Technology, Beijing 100041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prospective Technology Research Department, SAIC Group, Shanghai 200041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13086","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1300.2013.13086","article-title":"The Concept and Applications of Distributed POS","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2388697","article-title":"In-flight alignment of POS based on state-transition matrix","volume":"15","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2331234","article-title":"LiDAR Strip Adjustment Using Multifeatures Matched With Aerial Images","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4564","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2282423","article-title":"An Accurate Gravity Compensation Method for High-Precision Airborne POS","volume":"52","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2340898","article-title":"A Novel Scheme for Ambiguous Energy Suppression in MIMO-SAR Systems","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1300.2014.14015","article-title":"Performance Analysis for Airborne Interferometric SAR Affected by Flexible Baseline Oscillation","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"432","article-title":"Effect of distributed POS transfer alignment on InSAR interferometic measurement","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chin. Inert. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"103","article-title":"Distance measurement of nonrigid baseline for InSAR based on Kalman filter","volume":"35","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electron. Meas. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"379","article-title":"Modeling and simulation of transfer alignment for distributed POS","volume":"20","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chin. Inert. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, W., Li, J., Fang, J., and Yuan, X. (2017). EGP-CDKF for performance improvement of the SINS\/GNSS integrated system. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2748048"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2004.12.016","article-title":"An off-line navigation of a geometry PIG using a modified nonlinear fixed-interval smoothing filter","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Control Eng. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2005.1499276","article-title":"Nonlinear filters: Beyond the Kalman filter","volume":"20","author":"Daum","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2015.0541","article-title":"Non-linear estimation of the flexural lever arm for transfer alignment of airborne distributed position and orientation system","volume":"11","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Zhong, M., and Guo, D. (2013, January 10\u201313). Error detection and compensation in transfer alignment for the distributed POS. Proceedings of the 52nd Control and Decision Conference, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC.2013.6561687"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-017-9213-9","article-title":"A transfer alignment method for airborne distributed POS with three-dimensional aircraft flexure angles","volume":"61","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1177\/0954410014568798","article-title":"A novel self-alignment method for SINS based on parameter recognition and dual-velocity vectors","volume":"229","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part G J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2514\/3.44816","article-title":"In-flight Deflection Measurement of the HiMAT Aeroelastically Tailored Wing","volume":"19","author":"DeAngelis","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Aircr."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"DeAngelis, V.M., and Fodale, R. (1987). Electro-Optical Flight Deflection Measurement System."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Ko, W.L., and Fleischer, V.T. (2010). Methods for In-Flight Wing Shape Predictions of Highly Flexible Unmanned Aerial Vehicles."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Ko, W.L., and Fleischer, V.T. (2012). Improved Displacement Transfer Functions for Structure Deformed Shape Predictions Using Discretely Distributed Surface Strains."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pak, C. (2015). Wing Shape Sensing from Measured Strain, AIAA Infotech@ Aerospace.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2015-1427"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"678","article-title":"Study on hull transverse twist measurement based on optical fiber technology","volume":"38","author":"Ke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Tech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Cheng, W., Li, Y., and Li, W. (2012, January 4\u20137). An optoelectronic system for the in-flight measurement of helicopter rotor blades\u2019 motions and strains. Proceedings of the Photonics Asia 2012, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.999279"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/2120\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:16:55Z","timestamp":1760174215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/2120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20072120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20072120","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]}}}