{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T05:42:06Z","timestamp":1771047726591,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BIA2015-69952-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIA2015-69952-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-101145-B-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101145-B-100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Architectural heritage is usually built with masonry structures, which present problems under lateral in-plane loading conditions, such as wind pressure or earthquakes. In order to improve the shear behavior of masonry, the use of a fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) has become an interesting solution because of its synergy of mechanical properties and compatibility with masonry substrates. For a proper structural evaluation, the mechanical behavior of reinforced masonry and the FRCM itself needs to be characterized. Hence, a numerical model to evaluate the FRCM reinforcement requires some mechanical parameters that may be difficult to obtain. In this sense, the shear behavior of masonry can be evaluated by means of diagonal tension tests on small specimens (71 \u00d7 71 cm). In this work, a digital image correlation (DIC) monitoring system was used to control displacements and cracking patterns of masonry specimens under shear stress (induced by diagonal tension with FRCM layers) applied to one or two sides. In addition, the mechanical behavior of FRCM coupons under uniaxial tensile tests was also registered with DIC. The displacement measurements obtained by DIC were validated with the measurements registered with LVDT. Unlike LVDT-based techniques, DIC monitoring allowed us to measure deformations in masonry during the full test, detecting crack initiation even before it was visible to the eye.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T14:42:03Z","timestamp":1586443323000},"page":"2122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Study on Retrofitted Masonry Elements under Shear Using Digital Image Correlation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Benjam\u00edn","family":"Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7273-2823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco B.","family":"Varona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6837-3423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. Javier","family":"Baeza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8647-8173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvador","family":"Ivorra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2014.06.023","article-title":"Simulations of FRP reinforcement in masonry panels and application to a historic facade","volume":"75","author":"Gattulli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomazevic, M. (1999). Earthquake-Resistant Design of Masonry Buildings, Imperial College Press.","DOI":"10.1142\/p055"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foti, D., Vacca, V., and Ivorra, S. (2016, January 26\u201330). In plane behavior of a masonry stone wall with hexagonal blocks. Proceedings of the 16th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference (IBMAC 2016), Padova, Italy.","DOI":"10.1201\/b21889-197"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-018-1158-3","article-title":"Structural damage evaluation of industrial masonry chimneys","volume":"51","author":"Bru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foti, D., Vacca, V., and Ivorra, S. (2016, January 26\u201330). Influence of connections in the seismic behaviour of trilithic large blocks masonry structures. Proceedings of the 16th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference (IBMAC 2016), Padova, Italy.","DOI":"10.1201\/b21889-22"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.628.117","article-title":"Seismic Behavior of a Masonry Chimney with Severe Cracking Condition: Preliminary Study","volume":"628","author":"Ivorra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"486","article-title":"Seismic behavior of a masonry chimney retrofitted with composite materials: A preliminary approach","volume":"7","author":"Bru","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Saf. Secur. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s40091-017-0162-0","article-title":"Seismic risk assessment of Trani\u2019s Cathedral bell tower in Apulia, Italy","volume":"9","author":"Diaferio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2005.09.019","article-title":"Dynamic investigations on a masonry bell tower","volume":"28","author":"Ivorra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117612","article-title":"Stone masonry confinement with FRP and FRCM composites","volume":"237","author":"Estevan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2013.12.004","article-title":"A critical review of retrofitting methods for unreinforced masonry structures","volume":"7","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2016.10.132","article-title":"Review of strengthening techniques for masonry using fiber reinforced polymers","volume":"161","author":"Babatunde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.039","article-title":"State-of-the-art on strengthening of masonry structures with textile reinforced mortar (TRM)","volume":"188","author":"Kouris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2017.01.024","article-title":"Effective seismic strengthening and monitoring of a masonry vault by using Glass Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix with embedded Fiber Bragg Grating sensors","volume":"113","author":"Valvona","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daskalakis, E., Panagiotopoulos, C.G., Tsogka, C., Melis, N.S., and Kalogeras, I. (2019). Stretching Method-Based Operational Modal Analysis of An Old Masonry Lighthouse. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163599"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivorra, S., Foti, D., Bru, D., and Baeza, F.J. (2015). Dynamic behavior of a pedestrian bridge in Alicante, Spain. J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 29.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000556"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baeza, F.J., Ivorra, S., Bru, D., and Varona, F.B. (2018). Structural Health Monitoring Systems for Smart Heritage and Infrastructures in Spain, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68646-2_12"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castagnetti, C., Bassoli, E., Vincenzi, L., and Mancini, F. (2019). Dynamic assessment of masonry towers based on terrestrial radar interferometer and accelerometers. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061319"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2014.06.024","article-title":"Preliminary interpretation of shaking-table response of a full-scale 3-storey building composed of thin reinforced concrete sandwich walls","volume":"76","author":"Palermo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117905","article-title":"In-plane shear behaviour by diagonal compression testing of brick masonry walls strengthened with basalt and steel textile reinforced mortars","volume":"240","author":"Roca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117061","article-title":"Brick masonry panels strengthened with textile reinforced mortar: Experimentation and numerical analysis","volume":"227","author":"Basili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"ASTM International (2015). ASTM E519\/E519M-15, Standard Test Method for Diagonal Tension (Shear) in Masonry Assemblages, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2018.11.055","article-title":"Masonry micromodels using high order 3D elements","volume":"11","author":"Gisbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. Integr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, J., Luo, J., Yu, J., and Wang, Z. (2019). Performance improvement of a fiber-reinforced polymer bar for a reinforced sea sand and seawater concrete beam in the serviceability limit state. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030654"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y.J., Jiang, C., Liu, W., Yu, Q.Q., and Zhou, Y.L. (2018). Degradation of the in-plane shear modulus of structural BFRP laminates due to high temperature. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103361"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.07.003","article-title":"Experimental study on effective bond length of basalt textile reinforced mortar strengthening system: Contributions of digital image correlation","volume":"129","author":"Caggegi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meas. J. Int. Meas. Confed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Kim, E.J., Gwon, S., Cho, S., and Sim, S.H. (2019). Uniaxial static stress estimation for concrete structures using digital image correlation. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020319"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2013.09.018","article-title":"Use of digital image correlation technique in full-scale testing of prestressed concrete structures","volume":"47","author":"Gencturk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2014.02.006","article-title":"Bending of beams externally reinforced with TRC and CFRP monitored by DIC and AE","volume":"112","author":"Verbruggen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.11.002","article-title":"Stress-strain model for FRP-confined concrete subject to arbitrary load path","volume":"163","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015009","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa98c2","article-title":"Smart bricks for strain sensing and crack detection in masonry structures","volume":"27","author":"Downey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.058","article-title":"Shear failure characterization in masonry components made with different mortars based on combined NDT methods","volume":"220","author":"Livitsanos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.055","article-title":"Digital Image Correlation measurements of mortarless joint closure in refractory masonries","volume":"162","author":"Allaoui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrara, G., Caggegi, C., Gabor, A., and Martinelli, E. (2019). Experimental Study on the Adhesion of Basalt Textile Reinforced Mortars (TRM) to Clay Brick Masonry: The Influence of Textile Density. Fibers, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/fib7120103"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2016.10.096","article-title":"Application of Digital Image Correlation to composite reinforcements testing","volume":"160","author":"Tekieli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, B., Zeng, F., and Pan, B. (2019). A Simple and Practical Single-Camera Stereo-Digital Image Correlation Using a Color Camera and X-Cube Prism. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19214726"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"AENOR (2007). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 11: Determination of Flexural and Compressive Strength of Hardened Mortar, AENOR."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"AC434-13 (2013). Acceptance Criteria for Masonry and Concrete Strengthening Using Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) Composite Systems, ICC-Evaluation Service."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/10168664.2018.1458585","article-title":"Shear performance mechanism description using digital image correlation","volume":"28","author":"Strauss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Struct. Eng. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.36.003070","article-title":"Accuracy enhancement of digital image correlation with B-spline interpolation","volume":"36","author":"Luu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Bru, D., Torres, B., Varona, F.B., Reynau, R., and Ivorra, S. (2019, January 23\u201325). Comparativa num\u00e9rico experimental de elementos de mamposter\u00eda a compresi\u00f3n diagonal. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Mechanical Models in Structural Engineering, Alicante, Spain."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.044","article-title":"Shear strengthening of masonry wallettes resorting to structural repointing and FRCM composites","volume":"206","author":"Casacci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tumialan, J.G., Morbin, A., Nanni, A., and Modena, C. (2001, January 3\u20136). Shear Strengthening of Masonry Walls with FRP Composites. Proceedings of the COMPOSITES 2001 Convention and Trade Show, Composites Fabricators Association, Tampa, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/40558(2001)130"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.04.013","article-title":"Shear capacity of masonry panels repaired with composite materials: Experimental and analytical investigations","volume":"171","author":"Alecci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.04.014","article-title":"Experimental and analytical study to evaluate the effectiveness of an in-plane reinforcement for masonry walls using GFRP meshes","volume":"88","author":"Gattesco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/2122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:16:56Z","timestamp":1760174216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/2122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20072122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20072122","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]}}}