{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T23:54:04Z","timestamp":1773791644254,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Innovation and Development of Special Funds","award":["EF003\/FST-FSJ\/2019\/GSTIC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF003\/FST-FSJ\/2019\/GSTIC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the increasing popularity of the Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT) and smart devices, huge volumes of data streams have been generated. This study aims to address the concept drift, which is a major challenge in the processing of voluminous data streams. Concept drift refers to overtime change in data distribution. It may occur in the medical domain, for example the medical sensors measuring for general healthcare or rehabilitation, which may switch their roles for ICU emergency operations when required. Detecting concept drifts becomes trickier when the class distributions in data are skewed, which is often true for medical sensors e-health data. Reactive Drift Detection Method (RDDM) is an efficient method for detecting long concepts. However, RDDM has a high error rate, and it does not handle class imbalance. We propose an Enhanced Reactive Drift Detection Method (ERDDM), which systematically generates strategies to handle concept drift with class imbalance in data streams. We conducted experiments to compare ERDDM with three contemporary techniques in terms of prediction error, drift detection delay, latency, and ability to handle data imbalance. The experimentation was done in Massive Online Analysis (MOA) on 48 synthetic datasets customized to possess the capabilities of data streams. ERDDM can handle abrupt and gradual drifts and performs better than all benchmarks in almost all experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T14:42:03Z","timestamp":1586443323000},"page":"2131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Mining Massive E-Health Data Streams for IoMT Enabled Healthcare Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Affan Ahmed","family":"Toor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Younas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvis Cheuk","family":"M. Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Western Michigan University, Gladstone, MI 49837, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sajid Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Foundation University Islamabad, Islambad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1848-7246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"461","article-title":"One Pass Concept Change Detection for Data Streams","volume":"7819","author":"Sakthithasan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Knowl. Discov. 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