{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T17:43:30Z","timestamp":1784828610407,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of even more compact, inexpensive, and highly sensitive gas sensors is widespread, even though their performances are still limited and technological improvements are in continuous evolution. Zeolite is a class of material which has received particular attention in different applications due to its interesting adsorption\/desorption capabilities. The behavior of a zeolite 4A modified capacitor has been investigated for the adsorption of nitrogen (N2), nitric oxide (NO) and 1,1-Difluoroethane (C2H4F2), which are of interest in the field of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats. Sample measurements were carried out in different environmental conditions, and the variation of the sensor electric capacitance was investigated. The dielectric properties were influenced by the type and concentration of gas species in the environment. Higher changes in capacitance were shown during the adsorption of dry air (+4.2%) and fluorinated gas (+7.3%), while lower dielectric variations were found upon exposure to N2 (\u22120.4%) and NO (\u22120.5%). The proposed approach pointed-out that a simple fabrication process may provide a convenient and affordable fabrication of reusable capacitive gas sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]],"date-time":"2020-04-13T10:41:52Z","timestamp":1586774512000},"page":"2143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["An Affordable Fabrication of a Zeolite-Based Capacitor for Gas Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3391-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore Andrea","family":"Pullano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Falcone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6392-5383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide C.","family":"Critello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2705-8718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Giovanna","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Menniti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6163-7804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino S.","family":"Fiorillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University \u201cMagna Gr\u00e6cia\u201d of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Resistive and Capacitive Measurement of Nano-Structured Gas Sensors","volume":"21","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Sustain. World"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2233469","article-title":"Environmental monitoring systems: A review","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bon\u010da, J., and Kruchinin, S. (2018). Zeolite-Based Interfaces for CB Sensors. Nanostructured Materials for the Detection of CBRN, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-1304-5"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bon\u010da, J., and Kruchinin, S. (2018). Optical Polarization Characteristics of Zeolite Deposited on Different Substrates for Perspective Modulation Biosensor Systems. Nanostructured Materials for the Detection of CBRN, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-1304-5"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2014.2378892","article-title":"Absorption of urea into zeolite layer integrated with microelectronic circuits","volume":"14","author":"Fiorillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702816638294","article-title":"Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry for Emergency Responders, the Military, and Law-Enforcement Organizations","volume":"70","author":"Leary","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.06.006","article-title":"Fast Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: A Review of the Last Decade","volume":"118","author":"Zoccali","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/35104535","article-title":"Smart single-chip gas sensor microsystem","volume":"414","author":"Hagleitner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.10.036","article-title":"A review on flexible gas sensors: From materials to devices","volume":"284","author":"Alrammouz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-018-8606-2","article-title":"Capacitive gas and vapor sensors using nanomaterials","volume":"29","author":"Bindra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capuano, R., Catini, A., Paolesse, R., and Di Natale, C. (2019). Sensors for Lung Cancer Diagnosis. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8020235"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.04.070","article-title":"Hydrogen sensors\u2014A review","volume":"157","author":"Black","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-09-2014-696","article-title":"Detecting gases with light: A review of optical gas sensor technologies","volume":"35","author":"Bogue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1021\/ja02242a004","article-title":"The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum","volume":"40","author":"Langmuir","year":"1918","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolkenstein, T. (1991). Electronic Processes on Semiconductor Surfaces during Chemisorption, Consultants Bureau.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3656-7"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.07.011","article-title":"Equivalent electric circuits for chemical sensors in the Langmuir regime","volume":"238","author":"Falconi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1108\/02602280410525977","article-title":"A review of gas sensors employed in electronic nose applications","volume":"24","author":"Arshak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8376","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200700927","article-title":"Porous Metal Oxides as Gas Sensors","volume":"13","author":"Tiemann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19968","DOI":"10.3390\/s150819968","article-title":"Porous Silicon Structures as Optical Gas Sensors","volume":"15","author":"Levitsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2007.01.044","article-title":"Metal oxides for solid-state gas sensors: What determines our choice","volume":"139","author":"Korotcenkov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"31","article-title":"Sensitivity, Selectivity, and Stability of Gas-Sensitive Metal-Oxide Nanostructures","volume":"3","author":"Umar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metal Oxide Nanostructures and Their Applications"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"10","article-title":"Nanostructured Gas Sensors for Health Care: An Overview","volume":"1","author":"Kaushik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pers. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2011). The Runners-Up. Science, 334, 1629\u20131635.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.334.6063.1629"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baerlocher, C., Meier, W.M., and Olson, D.H. (2001). Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types, Elsevier. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044450701-3\/50351-7"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2019, February 13). Available online: http:\/\/www.iza-structure.org\/databases\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1039\/a904025k","article-title":"Screen-printed zeolite-modified carbon electrodes","volume":"124","author":"Walcarius","year":"1999","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stetsenko, M., Pullano, S.A., Margitych, T., Maksimenko, L., Hassan, A., Kryvyi, S., Hu, R., Huang, C., Ziniuk, R., and Golovynskyi, S. (2019). Antireflection Enhancement by Composite Nanoporous Zeolite 3A\u2013Carbon Thin Film. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9111641"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2991(04)80823-1","article-title":"In situ waxs-saxs synchrotron study of the kinetics of nucleation and growth in linde type-a zeolite (LTA)","volume":"154","author":"Grizzetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2017.4647","article-title":"Antireflection properties of composite zeolite gold nanoparticles film","volume":"54","author":"Pullano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2017.10.032","article-title":"Understanding the AC conductivity and permittivity of trapdoor chabazites for future development of next-generation gas sensors","volume":"260","author":"Bordeneuve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4544","DOI":"10.1039\/c4cc00269e","article-title":"Temperature controlled invertible selectivity for adsorption of N2 and CH4 by molecular trapdoor chabazites","volume":"50","author":"Shang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7904","DOI":"10.3390\/s8127904","article-title":"Zeolite-based Impedimetric Gas Sensor Device in Low-cost Technology for Hydrocarbon Gas Detection","volume":"8","author":"Hagen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2012.2193413","article-title":"Deposition of Zeolite Thin Layers onto Silicon Wafers for Biomedical Use","volume":"11","author":"Fiorillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(96)00539-9","article-title":"Factors affecting the analytical applications of zeolite-modified electrodes preconcentration of electroactive species","volume":"340","author":"Walcarius","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssi.2008.08.012","article-title":"Zeolites\u2014Versatile materials for gas sensors","volume":"179","author":"Sahner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Solid State Ion."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.11.035","article-title":"Zeolite membranes for highly selective formaldehyde sensors","volume":"257","author":"Abegg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Dyer, A. (1988). An Introduction to Zeolite Molecular Sieves, John Wiley and Sons, Bath Press Ltd."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1351\/PAC-CON-10-07-08","article-title":"Zeolite-Modified Electrodes with Analytical Applications","volume":"83","author":"Muresan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1021\/cm050467e","article-title":"Electrical Conductivity of Zeolite Films: Influence of Charge Balancing Cations and Crystal Structure","volume":"18","author":"Cabeza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1701219","article-title":"Electrical Conductivity of Synthetic Crystalline Zeolites","volume":"35","author":"Freeman","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4290","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00040H","article-title":"Gas sensing using porous materials for automotive applications","volume":"44","author":"Wales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drioli, E., and Giorno, L. (2016). Encyclopedia of Membranes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40872-4"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5715","DOI":"10.1021\/jp980643p","article-title":"Molecular Size-Based Model to Describe Simple Organic Liquids","volume":"102","author":"Buchwald","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(99)00194-9","article-title":"Permeation of nitrogen in solid nickel and deformation phenomena accompanying internal nitridation","volume":"47","author":"Kodentsov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2014.11.048","article-title":"CFD modeling of the H2\/N2 separation with a nickel\/\u03b1-alumina microporous membrane","volume":"123","author":"Benguerba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1515\/chem-2015-0110","article-title":"Use of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to detect the changes in extra virgin olive oil by adulteration with soybean oil and high temperature heat treatment","volume":"13","author":"Poiana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Pabby, A.K., Rizvi, S.S.H., and Sastre, A.M. (2002). Handbook of Membrane Seperations: Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Food and Biotechnological Applications, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2315738","article-title":"Pyroelectric sensor for temperature monitoring of biological fluids in microchannel devices","volume":"14","author":"Pullano","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s12648-014-0572-9","article-title":"Dielectric and ethanol sensing studies on synthesized nano-ZSM-5 zeolite","volume":"89","author":"Mahabole","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoso.2019.01.008","article-title":"Dielectric properties of zeolite based metal oxide nanocomposites","volume":"17","author":"Lakhane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Struct. Nano Objects"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009970405804","article-title":"Capacitive Type Gas Sensors","volume":"2","author":"Ishihara","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Electroceramics"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1021\/cm960041n","article-title":"A Capacitance Type Chemical Sensor Based on AlPO4-5 Molecular Sieves","volume":"9","author":"Balkus","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/2143\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:17:29Z","timestamp":1760174249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/7\/2143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20072143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20072143","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]}}}