{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:10:45Z","timestamp":1775146245475,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,12]],"date-time":"2020-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["SFRH\/BD\/108309\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/108309\/2015"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["SFRH\/BD\/147878\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/147878\/2019"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-030386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-030386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006941"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a cost- and time-effective wearable inertial sensor system, the InertialLAB. It includes gyroscopes and accelerometers for the real-time monitoring of 3D-angular velocity and 3D-acceleration of up to six lower limbs and trunk segment and sagittal joint angle up to six joints. InertialLAB followed an open architecture with a low computational load to be executed by wearable processing units up to 200 Hz for fostering kinematic gait data to third-party systems, advancing similar commercial systems. For joint angle estimation, we developed a trigonometric method based on the segments\u2019 orientation previously computed by fusion-based methods. The validation covered healthy gait patterns in varying speed and terrain (flat, ramp, and stairs) and including turns, extending the experiments approached in the literature. The benchmarking analysis to MVN BIOMECH reported that InertialLAB provides more reliable measures in stairs than in flat terrain and ramp. The joint angle time-series of InertialLAB showed good waveform similarity (&gt;0.898) with MVN BIOMECH, resulting in high reliability and excellent validity. User-independent neural network regression models successfully minimized the drift errors observed in InertialLAB\u2019s joint angles (NRMSE &lt; 0.092). Further, users ranked InertialLAB as good in terms of usability. InertialLAB shows promise for daily kinematic gait analysis and real-time kinematic feedback for wearable third-party systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]],"date-time":"2020-04-13T10:41:52Z","timestamp":1586774512000},"page":"2185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Wearable Inertial Sensor System towards Daily Human Kinematic Gait Analysis: Benchmarking Analysis to MVN BIOMECH"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9547-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), Industrial Electronics Department, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9666-6832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sim\u00e3o P.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), Industrial Electronics Department, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Vilas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport, CIFI2D, and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8441-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds M.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), Industrial Electronics Department, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9561-7764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan C.","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neural Rehabilitation Group, Cajal Institute, Spanish National Research Council, 28002 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0023-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina P.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS), Industrial Electronics Department, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.3390\/s120202255","article-title":"Gait analysis using wearable sensors","volume":"12","author":"Tao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambrecht, S., Harutyunyan, A., Tanghe, K., Afschrift, M., De Schutter, J., and Jonkers, I. 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