{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:03:20Z","timestamp":1777478600859,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17K20101, 18H04063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17K20101, 18H04063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peripheral nerve disconnections cause severe muscle atrophy and consequently, paralysis of limbs. Reinnervation of denervated muscle by transplanting motor neurons and applying Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) onto peripheral nerves is an important procedure for preventing irreversible degeneration of muscle tissues. After the reinnervation of denervated muscles, multiple peripheral nerves should be stimulated independently to control joint motion and reconstruct functional movements of limbs by the FES. In this study, a wirelessly powered two-channel neurostimulator was developed with the purpose of applying selective FES to two peripheral nerves\u2014the peroneal nerve and the tibial nerve in a rat. The neurostimulator was designed in such a way that power could be supplied wirelessly, from a transmitter coil to a receiver coil. The receiver coil was connected, in turn, to the peroneal and tibial nerves in the rat. The receiver circuit had a low pass filter to allow detection of the frequency of the transmitter signal. The stimulation of the nerves was switched according to the frequency of the transmitter signal. Dorsal\/plantar flexion of the rat ankle joint was selectively induced by the developed neurostimulator. The rat ankle joint angle was controlled by changing the stimulation electrode and the stimulation current, based on the Proportional Integral (PI) control method using a visual feedback control system. This study was aimed at controlling the leg motion by stimulating the peripheral nerves using the neurostimulator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T04:01:46Z","timestamp":1586923306000},"page":"2210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Visual Feedback Control of a Rat Ankle Angle Using a Wirelessly Powered Two-Channel Neurostimulator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9304-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaru","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648603, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keita","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648603, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanta","family":"Ishihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648603, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taichi","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648603, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katsuhiro","family":"Tokutake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4668550, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sota","family":"Saeki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4668550, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7860-0725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadayoshi","family":"Aoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648603, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9917-098X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuhisa","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648603, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Kurimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4668550, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Hirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4668550, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30601-3","article-title":"Restoration of reaching and grasping movements through brain-controlled muscle stimulation in a person with tetraplegia: A proof-of-concept demonstration","volume":"389","author":"Ajiboye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17435","article-title":"Restoring cortical control of functional movement in a human with quadriplegia","volume":"533","author":"Bouton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1844","article-title":"Transplantation of embryonic motor neurons into peripheral nerve combined with functional electrical stimulation restores functional muscle activity in the rat sciatic nerve transection model","volume":"10","author":"Kurimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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