{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T03:48:52Z","timestamp":1761709732699,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KTP\\R1\\181005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KTP\\R1\\181005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate for the first time, the integration of a radio-over-fiber (RoF) communication system and a Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry (BOTDR) distributed sensor system using a single optical fiber link. In this proof-of-concept integrated system, the communication system is composed of three modulation formats of quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) and 64-QAM, which are modulated onto an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal. Whereas, the BOTDR sensor system is used for strain and\/or temperature monitoring over the fiber distance with a spatial resolution of 5 m using a 25 km single-mode silica fiber. The error vector magnitude (EVM) is analyzed in three modulation formats in the presence of various BOTDR input pump powers. Using QPSK modulation, optimized 18 dBm sensing and 10 dBm data power, the measured EVM values with and without bandpass filter are 3.5% and 14.5%, respectively. The proposed system demonstrates a low temperature measurement error (\u00b10.49 \u00b0C at the end of 25 km) and acceptable EVM values, which were within the 3GPP requirements. The proposed integrated system can be effectively applied for practical applications, which significantly reduces the fiber infrastructure cost by effective usage of a single optical fiber link.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T09:19:50Z","timestamp":1586942390000},"page":"2232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Integrating Radio-Over-Fiber Communication System and BOTDR Sensor System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5002-0849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wai Pang","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5652-0449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nageswara","family":"Lalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA"}]},{"given":"Xuewu","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2901-7434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9797-4036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong Qing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3763-3699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2012.2211343","article-title":"Theoretical and Experimental Optimum System Design for LTE-RoF Over Varying Transmission Span and Identification of System Nonlinear Limit","volume":"4","author":"Ng","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.041513.00174","article-title":"A Survey on Security Aspects for LTE and LTE-A Networks","volume":"16","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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Lightwave Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/8\/2232\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:30:49Z","timestamp":1760362249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/8\/2232"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20082232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20082232","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]}}}