{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:39:27Z","timestamp":1773621567124,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0424\u043e\u043d\u0434 \u0424\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0420\u0424\u0424\u0418)","award":["19-07-00300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-07-00300"]}]},{"name":"\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0424\u043e\u043d\u0434 \u0424\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0418\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0420\u0424\u0424\u0418)","award":["20-07-00602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-07-00602"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Novel bio-materials, like chitosan and its derivatives, appeal to finding a new niche in room temperature gas sensors, demonstrating not only a chemoresistive response, but also changes in mechanical impedance due to vapor adsorption. We determined the coefficients of elasticity and viscosity of chitosan acetate films in air, ammonia, and water vapors by acoustic spectroscopy. The measurements were carried out while using a resonator with a longitudinal electric field at the different concentrations of ammonia (100\u20131600 ppm) and air humidity (20\u201360%). It was established that, in the presence of ammonia, the longitudinal and shear elastic modules significantly decreased, whereas, in water vapor, they changed slightly. At that, the viscosity of the films increased greatly upon exposure to both vapors. We found that the film\u2019s conductivity increased by two and one orders of magnitude, respectively, in ammonia and water vapors. The effect of analyzed vapors on the resonance properties of a piezoelectric resonator with a lateral electric field that was loaded by a chitosan film on its free side was also experimentally studied. In these vapors, the parallel resonance frequency and maximum value of the real part of the electrical impedance decreased, especially in ammonia. The results of a theoretical analysis of the resonance properties of such a sensor in the presence of vapors turned out to be in a good agreement with the experimental data. It has been also found that with a growth in the concentration of the studied vapors, a decrease in the elastic constants, and an increase in the viscosity factor and conductivity lead to reducing the parallel resonance frequency and the maximum value of the real part of the electric impedance of the piezoelectric resonator with a lateral electric field that was loaded with a chitosan film. This leads to an increase in the sensitivity of such a sensor during exposure to these gas vapors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T05:15:41Z","timestamp":1587014141000},"page":"2236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of Elastic Properties and Conductivity of Chitosan Acetate Films in Ammonia and Water Vapors Using Acoustic Resonators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1859-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris D.","family":"Zaitsev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov Branch, 410019 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrey A.","family":"Teplykh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov Branch, 410019 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2283-0086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fedor S.","family":"Fedorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel St., 121205 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artem K.","family":"Grebenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel St., 121205 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute Lane 9, 141701 Dolgoprudniy, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1684-3948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert G.","family":"Nasibulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel St., 121205 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander P.","family":"Semyonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov Branch, 410019 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina A.","family":"Borodina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov Branch, 410019 Saratov, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11877","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00187","article-title":"Multivariable sensors for ubiquitous monitoring of gases in the Era of Internet of Things and Industrial Internet","volume":"116","author":"Potyrailo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.04.039","article-title":"Novel high-performance self poweredhumidity detectionenabled by triboelectric effect","volume":"251","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.09.091","article-title":"NH3 gas sensor based on Pd\/SnO2\/RGO ternary composite operated at room-temperature","volume":"223","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2004.1367475","article-title":"A lateral field excited liquid acoustic wave sensor","volume":"51","author":"Hu","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2009.1100","article-title":"A lateral-field-excited LiTaO3 high frequency bulk acoustic wave sensor","volume":"56","author":"McCann","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Vetelino, J. (2010, January 11\u201314). A lateral field excited acoustic wave sensor platform. Proceedings of the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2012.2281","article-title":"Biological Sensor Based on a Lateral Electric Field Excited Resonator","volume":"59","author":"Zaitsev","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2013.2637","article-title":"Lateral-field-excited bulk acoustic wave sensors on langasite working on different modes","volume":"60","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"179","article-title":"Liquid sensor based on a piezoelectric lateral electric field-excited resonator","volume":"68","author":"Zaitsev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Shi, H., Ma, T., Qian, Z., Kuznetsova, I., Yuan, L., Wang, J., Du, J., and Zhang, C. (2020). High frequency vibration analysis of LiTaO3 piezoelectric plates excited by lateral electric fields produced by surface electrodes under viscous liquid loadings for sensing. Smart Mater. Struct.","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab7110"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2017.10.016","article-title":"The influence of the conducting film on the characteristics of the lateral electric field excited piezoelectric resonator","volume":"84","author":"Zaitsev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2018.09.016","article-title":"The effect of the conductivity of a film located near a piezoelectric resonator with a lateral electric field based on the PZT ceramics on its characteristics","volume":"94","author":"Zaitsev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5458","DOI":"10.1021\/cr300325r","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensor applications of polysaccharides chitin and chitosan","volume":"113","author":"Suginta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1381-5148(00)00038-9","article-title":"A review of chitin and chitosan applications","volume":"46","author":"Kumar","year":"2000","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo, R., Wang, X., Yuan, Q., Yan, X., Su, T., Feng, Y., Lv, L., Zhou, C., Hong, P., and Sun, S. (2018). Electrochemical Determination of Nitrite by Au Nanoparticle\/Graphene-Chitosan Modified Electrode. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18071986"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.3390\/s150101008","article-title":"Selective Recognition of 5-Hydroxytryptamine and Dopamine on a Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Chitosan Hybrid Film-Modified Microelectrode Array","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.11.063","article-title":"The sensing mechanism and detection of low concentration acetone using chitosan-based sensors","volume":"177","author":"Nasution","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.09.020","article-title":"Polyaniline\u2013chitosan nanocomposite: High performance hydrogen sensor from new principle","volume":"160","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triyana, K., Sembiring, A., Rianjanu, A., Hidayat, S.N., Riowirawan, R., Julian, T., Kusumaatmaja, A., Santoso, I., and Roto, R. (2018). Chitosan-Based Quartz Crystal Microbalance for Alcohol Sensing. Electronics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7090181"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.02.022","article-title":"Conductive polymer nano-biocomposites (CPC): Chitosan-carbon nanoparticle a good candidate to design polar vapour sensors","volume":"138","author":"Bouvree","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaitsev, B., Fedorov, F., Semyonov, A., Teplykh, A., Borodina, I., and Nasibulin, A. (2019, January 6\u20139). Gas Sensor Based on the Piezoelectric Resonator with Lateral Electric Field and Films of Chitosan Salts. Proceedings of the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2019.8925788"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26415","DOI":"10.3390\/s151026415","article-title":"Ammonia gas sensing behavior of tanninsulfonic acid doped polyaniline-TiO2 composite","volume":"15","author":"Bairi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9592","DOI":"10.3390\/s150409592","article-title":"Enhanced sensitivity of gas sensor based on poly (3-hexylthiophene) thin-film transistors for disease diagnosis and environment monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Cavallari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bannov, A.G., Pr\u00e1\u0161ek, J., Ja\u0161ek, O., and Zaj\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1, L. (2017). Investigation of pristine graphite oxide as room-temperature chemiresistive ammonia gas sensing material. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020320"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160etka, M., Drbohlavov\u00e1, J., and Hub\u00e1lek, J. (2017). Nanostructured polypyrrole-based ammonia and volatile organic compound sensors. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030562"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07002","DOI":"10.1051\/itmconf\/20193007002","article-title":"The study of the mechanical properties of thin films using piezoceramic acoustic resonator","volume":"30","author":"Teplykh","year":"2019","journal-title":"ITM Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/7.4.308","article-title":"A Simplex Method for Function Minimization","volume":"7","author":"Nelder","year":"1965","journal-title":"Comput. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zudin Y., B. (2018). Non-equilibrium Evaporation and Condensation Processes. Analytical Solutions, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-13815-8"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(02)00881-9","article-title":"Ionic conductivity of chitosan membranes","volume":"44","author":"Wan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polymer"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/8\/2236\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:45:02Z","timestamp":1760363102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/8\/2236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20082236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20082236","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]}}}