{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T03:48:40Z","timestamp":1784692120829,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-16-CE22-0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-16-CE22-0012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Noise pollution reduction in the environment is a major challenge from a societal and health point of view. To implement strategies to improve sound environments, experts need information on existing noise. The first source of information is based on the elaboration of noise maps using software, but with limitations on the realism of the maps obtained, due to numerous calculation assumptions. The second is based on the use of measured data, in particular through professional measurement observatories, but in limited numbers for practical and financial reasons. More recently, numerous technical developments, such as the miniaturization of electronic components, the accessibility of low-cost computing processors and the improved performance of electric batteries, have opened up new prospects for the deployment of low-cost sensor networks for the assessment of sound environments. Over the past fifteen years, the literature has presented numerous experiments in this field, ranging from proof of concept to operational implementation. The purpose of this article is firstly to review the literature, and secondly, to identify the expected technical characteristics of the sensors to address the problem of noise pollution assessment. Lastly, the article will also put forward the challenges that are needed to respond to a massive deployment of low-cost noise sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T13:01:39Z","timestamp":1587042099000},"page":"2256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Low-Cost Sensors for Urban Noise Monitoring Networks\u2014A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0586-2414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judica\u00ebl","family":"Picaut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMRAE, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, CEREMA, F-44344 Bouguenais, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Can","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMRAE, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, CEREMA, F-44344 Bouguenais, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Fortin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMRAE, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, CEREMA, F-44344 Bouguenais, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Ardouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wi6Labs, F-35510 Cesson-S\u00e9vign\u00e9, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Lagrange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LS2N, UMR CNRS 6004, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, F-44321 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for Europe (2018). Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2002","article-title":"Directive 2002\/49\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise\u2014Declaration by the Commission in the Conciliation Committee on the Directive relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise","volume":"189","author":"Cox","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annex I OJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.918502","article-title":"Road Traffic in Urban Areas: A Perceptual and Cognitive Typology of Pass-By Noises","volume":"98","author":"Morel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Acustica Acustica"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.918966","article-title":"Noise Annoyance Due To Urban Road Traffic with Powered-Two-Wheelers: Quiet Periods, Order and Number of Vehicles","volume":"102","author":"Gille","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Acustica Acustica"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5034799","article-title":"Kriging-based spatial interpolation from measurements for sound level mapping in urban areas","volume":"5","author":"Aumond","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Mietlicki, F., Mietlicki, C., and Sineau, M. (June, January 31). An Innovative Approach for long term environmental noise measurement: RUMEUR Network in the Paris Region. Proceedings of the 10th European Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Maastricht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2020, April 14). International Electrotechnical Commission Electroacoustics\u2014Sound Level Meters\u2014Part 1: Specifications (IEC 61672-1). Available online: https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/publication\/5708."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2006.05.001","article-title":"Environmental Sensor Networks: A revolution in the earth system science?","volume":"78","author":"Hart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrenetxea, G., Ingelrest, F., Schaefer, G., and Vetterli, M. (2008, January 12\u201314). Wireless Sensor Networks for Environmental Monitoring: The SensorScope Experience. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Zurich Seminar on Communications, Zurich, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/IZS.2008.4497285"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2015.09.008","article-title":"Applications of wireless sensor networks for urban areas: A survey","volume":"60","author":"Rashid","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541360","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/541360","article-title":"Towards an Environmental Measurement Cloud: Delivering Pollution Awareness to the Public","volume":"10","author":"Dauwe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3141\/2058-16","article-title":"Assessing Environmental Impact of Transport Noise with Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"2058","author":"McDonald","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2012.07.007","article-title":"Novel wireless pervasive sensor network to improve the understanding of noise in street canyons","volume":"74","author":"Bell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2013.781074","article-title":"Traffic noise monitoring and simulation research in Xiamen City based on the Environmental Internet of Things","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Manvell, D., Ballarin Marcos, L., Stapelfeldt, H., and Sanz, R. (2004, January 22\u201326). Sadmam \u2013 Combining measurements and calculations to map noise in Madrid. Proceedings of the 33rd International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.04.076","article-title":"Smartphone-based noise mapping: Integrating sound level meter app data into the strategic noise mapping process","volume":"562","author":"Murphy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2016.04.022","article-title":"LIFE DYNAMAP project: The case study of Rome","volume":"117","author":"Bellucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5052173","article-title":"Assimilation of mobile phone measurements for noise mapping of a neighborhood","volume":"144","author":"Ventura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benocci, R., Confalonieri, C., Roman, H.E., Angelini, F., and Zambon, G. (2020). Accuracy of the Dynamic Acoustic Map in a Large City Generated by Fixed Monitoring Units. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020412"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2015.08.005","article-title":"Dynamic noise mapping: A map-based interpolation between noise measurements with high temporal resolution","volume":"101","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Botteldooren, D., De Coensel, B., Oldoni, D., Renterghem, T., and Dauwe, S. (2011, January 2\u20134). Sound monitoring networks new style. Proceedings of the Acoustics, Gold Coast, Australia."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"040140","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4799869","article-title":"The internet of sound observatories","volume":"19","author":"Botteldooren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Mtgs. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4807798","article-title":"A computational model of auditory attention for use in soundscape research","volume":"134","author":"Oldoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salamon, J., and Bello, J.P. (2015, January 19\u201324). Unsupervised feature learning for urban sound classification. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2015.7177954"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Socor\u00f3, J.C., Al\u00edas, F., and Alsina-Pag\u00e8s, R.M. (2017). An Anomalous Noise Events Detector for Dynamic Road Traffic Noise Mapping in Real-Life Urban and Suburban Environments. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102323"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gontier, F., Lagrange, M., Aumond, P., Can, A., and Lavandier, C. (2017). An Efficient Audio Coding Scheme for Quantitative and Qualitative Large Scale Acoustic Monitoring Using the Sensor Grid Approach. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122758"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Offenhuber, D., Auinger, S., Seitinger, S., and Muijs, R. (2018). Los Angeles noise array\u2014Planning and design lessons from a noise sensing network. Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci.","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808318792901"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2018.08.018","article-title":"Road traffic sound level estimation from realistic urban sound mixtures by Non-negative Matrix Factorization","volume":"143","author":"Gloaguen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1145\/3224204","article-title":"SONYC: A System for Monitoring, Analyzing, and Mitigating Urban Noise Pollution","volume":"62","author":"Bello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faraji, M.M., Shouraki, S.B., Iranmehr, E., and Linares-Barranco, B. (2019). Sound Source Localization in Wide-range Outdoor Environment Using Distributed Sensor Network. IEEE Sens. J., 1.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2950447"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22:1","DOI":"10.1145\/1525856.1525860","article-title":"Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of EnviroMic: A Storage-centric Audio Sensor Network","volume":"5","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Sen. Netw."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13089","article-title":"Robust, real\u2014time and autonomous monitoring of ecosystems with an open, low-cost, networked device","volume":"9","author":"Sethi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2019.1911324","article-title":"Wireless acoustic sensor networks and edge computing for rapid acoustic monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Sheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324935","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/324935","article-title":"Multiagent-Based Data Fusion in Environmental Monitoring Networks","volume":"8","author":"Dauwe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mydlarz, C., Sharma, M., Lockerman, Y., Steers, B., Silva, C., and Bello, J.P. (2019). The Life of a New York City Noise Sensor Network. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061415"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santini, S., Ostermaier, B., and Adelmann, R. (2009, January 17\u201319). On the Use of Sensor Nodes and Mobile Phones for the Assessment of Noise Pollution Levels in Urban Environments. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INSS.2009.5409957"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsina-Pag\u00e8s, R.M., Hernandez-Jayo, U., Al\u00edas, F., and Angulo, I. (2016). Design of a Mobile Low-Cost Sensor Network Using Urban Buses for Real-Time Ubiquitous Noise Monitoring. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010057"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risojevi\u0107, V., Rozman, R., Pilipovi\u0107, R., \u010ce\u0161novar, R., and Buli\u0107, P. (2018). Accurate Indoor Sound Level Measurement on a Low-Power and Low-Cost Wireless Sensor Node. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201806.0326.v1"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al\u00edas, F., and Alsina-Pag\u00e8s, R.M. (2019). Review of Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks for Environmental Noise Monitoring in Smart Cities. J. Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7634860"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGrath, M.J., and Scanaill, C.N. (2013). Sensor Network Topologies and Design Considerations. Sensor Technologies: Healthcare, Wellness, and Environmental Applications, Apress.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4302-6014-1"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"140","article-title":"Noise mapping based on participative measurements","volume":"3","author":"Guillaume","year":"2016","journal-title":"Noise Mapp."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santini, S., Ostermaier, B., and Vitaletti, A. (2008, January 1). First Experiences Using Wireless Sensor Networks for Noise Pollution Monitoring. Proceedings of the Workshop on Real-World Wireless Sensor Networks, Glasgow, Scotland.","DOI":"10.1145\/1435473.1435490"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"98","article-title":"Wireless sensor networks for environmental noise monitoring","volume":"3","author":"Santini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fachgespr\u00e4ch Sensornetzwerke"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Filipponi, L., Santini, S., and Vitaletti, A. (2008, January 11\u201314). Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks for Noise Pollution Monitoring. Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems, Santorini Island, Greece."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Barham, R., and Goldsmith, M. (2008, January 10\u201311). Performance of a new MEMS measurement microphone and its potential application. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, Spring Conference, Reading, UK."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Barham, R., Goldsmith, M., Chan, M., and Simmons, D. (2009, January 26\u201328). Development and performance of a multi-point distributed environmental noise measurement system using MEMS microphones. Proceedings of the 8th European Conference and Exhibition on Noise Control, Euronoise 2009, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"4725","article-title":"Practical experience in noise mapping with a MEMS microphone based distributed noise measurement system","volume":"2010","author":"Barham","year":"2010","journal-title":"INTER-NOISE NOISE-CON Congr. Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Piper, B., Barham, R., Sheridan, S., and Sotirakopoulos, K. (2017, January 23\u201327). Exploring the \u2019big acoustic data\u2019 generated by an acoustic sensor network deployed at a crossrail construction site. Proceedings of the 24th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV24), London, UK."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hakala, I., Kivel\u00e4, I., Ihalainen, J., Luomala, J., and Gao, C. (2010, January 18\u201325). Design of Low-Cost Noise Measurement Sensor Network: Sensor Function Design. Proceedings of the 2010 First International Conference on Sensor Device Technologies and Applications, Venice\/Mestre, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSORDEVICES.2010.39"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hakala, I., Tikkakoski, M., and Kivel\u00e4, I. (2008, January 25\u201331). Wireless Sensor Network in Environmental Monitoring\u2014Case Foxhouse. Proceedings of the 2008 Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (sensorcomm 2008), Cap Esterel, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSORCOMM.2008.27"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"171","article-title":"Design of Networked Low-Cost Wireless Noise Measurement Sensors","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Sens. Transducers"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Kivel\u00e4, I., Gao, C., Luomala, J., and Hakala, I. (2011, January 21\u201327). Design of noise measurement sensor network: Networking and communication part. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, Nice\/Saint Laurent du Var, France."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Kivel\u00e4, I., and Hakala, I. (June, January 31). Area-based environmental noise measurements with a wireless sensor network. Proceedings of the 10th European Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Maastricht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, W.M., and Jarvis, S.A. (2013, January 2\u20134). Energy harvesting noise pollution sensing WSN mote: Survey of capabilities and limitations. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Conference on Wireless Sensor (ICWISE), Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWISE.2013.6728779"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Polastre, J., Szewczyk, R., and Culler, D. (2005, January 25\u201327). Telos: Enabling ultra-low power wireless research. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2014-167","article-title":"On the design of an energy-harvesting noise-sensing WSN mote","volume":"2014","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariscal-Ramirez, J.A., Fernandez-Prieto, J.A., Gadeo-Martos, M.A., and Canada-Bago, J. (2011, January 22\u201324). Knowledge-based wireless sensors using sound pressure level for noise pollution monitoring. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDA.2011.6121794"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-014-2074-3","article-title":"A New Algorithm to Monitor Noise Pollution Adapted to Resource-constrained Devices","volume":"74","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2356342","article-title":"Low-Cost Alternatives for Urban Noise Nuisance Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"15","author":"Cobos","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segura-Garcia, J., P\u00e9rez-Solano, J.J., Cobos-Serrano, M., Navarro-Camba, E.A., Felici-Castell, S., Soriano-Asensi, A., and Montes-Suay, F. (2016). Spatial Statistical Analysis of Urban Noise Data from a WASN Gathered by an IoT System: Application to a Small City. Appl. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/app6120380"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noriega-Linares, J.E., and Navarro Ruiz, J.M. (2016). On the Application of the Raspberry Pi as an Advanced Acoustic Sensor Network for Noise Monitoring. Electronics, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics5040074"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2016.06.010","article-title":"The implementation of low-cost urban acoustic monitoring devices","volume":"117","author":"Mydlarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peckens, C., Porter, C., and Rink, T. (2018). Wireless Sensor Networks for Long-Term Monitoring of Urban Noise. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093161"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1515\/noise-2018-0005","article-title":"LIFE MONZA: Project description and actions\u2019 updating","volume":"5","author":"Bartalucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Noise Mapp."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Bartalucci, C., Borchi, F., Carfagni, M., Furferi, R., Governi, L., Silvaggio, R., Curcuruto, S., and Nencini, L. (2017, January 23\u201327). Design of a prototype of a smart noise monitoring system. Proceedings of the 24th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV24), London, UK."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Silvaggio, R., Curcuruto, S., Bellomini, R., Luzzi, S., Borchi, F., and Bartalucci, C. (2019, January 8\u201313). Noise Low Emission Zone implementation in urban planning: results of monitoring activities in pilot area of LIFE MONZA project. Proceedings of the 2019 International Congress on Acoustics (ICA), Aachen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Ardouin, J., Charpentier, L., Lagrange, M., Gontier, F., Fortin, N., \u00c9coti\u00e8re, D., Picaut, J., and Mietlicki, F. (2018, January 26\u201329). An innovative low cost sensors for urban sound monitoring. Proceedings of the Inter-Noise 2018, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez, J.M., Alonso, J., Asensio, C., Pav\u00f3n, I., Gasc\u00f3, L., and de Arcas, G. (2020). A Digital Signal Processor Based Acoustic Sensor for Outdoor Noise Monitoring in Smart Cities. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030605"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, Q., Liu, X., Chen, X., and Yu, D. (2009, January 17\u201319). Digital Environmental Noise Monitoring System Based on B\/S Architecture and Floating-Point DSP. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Tianjin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP.2009.5304705"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blythe, P., Neasham, J., Sharif, B., Watson, P., Bell, M.C., Edwards, S., Suresh, V., Wagner, J., and Bryan, H. (2008, January 20\u201322). An environmental sensor system for pervasively monitoring road networks. Proceedings of the IET Road Transport Information and Control Conference and the ITS United Kingdom Members\u2019 Conference (RTIC 2008), Manchester, UK.","DOI":"10.1049\/ic.2008.0805"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Farr\u00e9s, J.C. (2015, January 1\u20133). Barcelona noise monitoring network. Proceedings of the 10th European Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Maastricht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sevillano, X., Socor\u00f3, J.C., Al\u00edas, F., Bellucci, P., Peruzzi, L., Radaelli, S., Coppi, P., Nencini, L., Cerniglia, A., and Bisceglie, A. (2016). DYNAMAP \u2013 Development of low cost sensors networks for real time noise mapping. Noise Mapp., 3.","DOI":"10.1515\/noise-2016-0013"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1039\/C0EM00532K","article-title":"On the ability of consumer electronics microphones for environmental noise monitoring","volume":"13","author":"Renterghem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Widder, J. (2020, April 14). Basic Principles of MEMS Microphones. Available online: https:\/\/www.edn.com\/basic-principles-of-mems-microphones\/."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"STMicroelectronics (2019, November 13). AN4427\u2014Application Note\u2014Gasket Design for Optimal Acoustic Performance in MEMS Microphones. Available online: https:\/\/www.st.com\/content\/ccc\/resource\/technical\/document\/application_note\/e9\/86\/75\/b2\/8e\/fd\/48\/69\/DM00103201.pdf\/files\/DM00103201.pdf\/jcr:content\/translations\/en.DM00103201.pdf."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Nencini, L., Bellucci, P., and Peruzzi, L. (2016, January 21\u201324). Identification of failure markers in noise measurement low cost devices. Proceedings of the 45th International Congress and Exposition of Noise Control Engineering, Inter-Noise, Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9294528","article-title":"Design Approaches of MEMS Microphones for Enhanced Performance","volume":"2019","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gubbi, J., Marusic, S., Rao, A.S., Law, Y.W., and Palaniswami, M. (2013, January 22\u201325). A pilot study of urban noise monitoring architecture using wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), Mysore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2013.6637321"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Jin, H., Guo, L., Wu, S., and Gu, T. (2012, January 4\u20135). Audio-on-demand over wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 20th International Workshop on Quality of Service, Coimbra, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWQoS.2012.6245981"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Bartalucci, C., Borchi, F., Carfagni, M., Furferi, R., Governi, L., Lapini, A., Bellomini, R., Luzzi, S., and Nencini, L. (2018, January 27\u201331). The smart noise monitoring system implemented in the frame of the Life MONZA project. Proceedings of the 11th European Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Heraklion, Crete, Greece."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microrel.2014.01.003","article-title":"Reliability assessment of a MEMS microphone under mixed flowing gas environment and shock impact loading","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microelectron. Reliab."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.919073","article-title":"Modeling soundscape pleasantness using perceptual assessments and acoustic measurements along paths in urban context","volume":"103","author":"Aumond","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Acustica Acustica"},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"(2019, December 04). Raspberry Pi 4 Specs and Benchmarks. Available online: https:\/\/magpi.raspberrypi.org\/articles\/raspberry-pi-4-specs-benchmarks."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Lewis, J. (2019, December 04). Analog and Digital MEMS Microphone Design Considerations. Available online: https:\/\/www.analog.com\/media\/en\/technical-documentation\/technical-articles\/Analog-and-Digital-MEMS-Microphone-Design-Considerations-MS-2472.pdf."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"(2020, February 28). Bluetooth Technology Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.bluetooth.com\/."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"(2020, February 28). Wi-Fi Alliance. Available online: https:\/\/www.wi-fi.org\/."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"(2020, February 28). Zigbee Alliance. Available online: https:\/\/zigbeealliance.org\/."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"(2020, February 28). LoRa Alliance. Available online: https:\/\/lora-alliance.org\/."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"(2020, February 28). Sigfox\u2014The Global Communications Service Provider for the Internet of Things (IoT). Available online: https:\/\/www.sigfox.com\/en."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"(2020, February 28). Guide: Lifetime Cost of Ownership for Class 1 Sound Level Meters. Available online: https:\/\/blog.bksv.com\/guide-lifetime-cost-of-ownership-for-class-1-sound-level-meters."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.1182","article-title":"Photovoltaic Degradation Rates-an Analytical Review: Photovoltaic degradation rates","volume":"21","author":"Jordan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5968","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2910317","article-title":"In Situ Calibration Algorithms for Environmental Sensor Networks: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Delaine","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Farr\u00e9s, J.C., and Novas, J.C. (2018, January 27\u201331). Issues and challenges to improve the Barcelona Noise Monitoring Network. Proceedings of the 11th European Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering, Heraklion, Crete, Greece."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EM00273C","article-title":"Multi-criteria anomaly detection in urban noise sensor networks","volume":"16","author":"Dauwe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laso, P.M., Brosset, D., and Puentes, J. (2017, January 18\u201320). Analysis of quality measurements to categorize anomalies in sensor systems. Proceedings of the 2017 Computing Conference, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAI.2017.8252263"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2017.12.022","article-title":"Self-maintenance model for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"70","author":"Elsayed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4349795","article-title":"Distributed Fault Detection for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Support Vector Regression","volume":"2018","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.919149","article-title":"Probabilistic Modelling of the Temporal Variability of Urban Sound Levels","volume":"104","author":"Can","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Acustica Acustica"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-682X(02)00030-0","article-title":"An environmental noise study in the city of C\u00e1ceres, Spain","volume":"63","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2014.03.012","article-title":"Measurement network for urban noise assessment: Comparison of mobile measurements and spatial interpolation approaches","volume":"83","author":"Can","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2478\/aoa-2013-0047","article-title":"Study of the Categorisation Method Using Long-term Measurements","volume":"38","author":"Gozalo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2013.03.008","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variability of soundscapes in a multiple functional urban area","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.11.138","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variability of traffic-related noise in the City of Toronto, Canada","volume":"472","author":"Zuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2017.06.009","article-title":"Optimizing stations location for urban noise continuous intelligent monitoring","volume":"127","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2015.06.003","article-title":"Integrating modelling and smart sensors for environmental and human health","volume":"74","author":"Reis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Modell. Softw."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2016.06.003","article-title":"Deployment strategies in the wireless sensor network: A comprehensive review","volume":"91\u201392","author":"Abdollahzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01591","article-title":"Communication protocols for wireless sensor networks: A survey and comparison","volume":"5","author":"Ketshabetswe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.10.049","article-title":"An open-science crowdsourcing approach for producing community noise maps using smartphones","volume":"148","author":"Picaut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Bennett, G., King, E.A., Curn, J., Cahill, V., Bustamante, F., and Rice, H.J. (2010, January 20\u201322). Environmental noise mapping using measurements in transit. Proceedings of the ISMA 2010, Leuven, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"7:1","article-title":"Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Elements: A Survey","volume":"8","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Sen. Netw."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.09.053","article-title":"Noise measurements as proxies for traffic parameters in monitoring networks","volume":"410\u2013411","author":"Can","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.10.037","article-title":"Correlation analysis of noise and ultrafine particle counts in a street canyon","volume":"409","author":"Can","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.09.004","article-title":"Noise, air pollutants and traffic: Continuous measurement and correlation at a high-traffic location in New York City","volume":"111","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.06.055","article-title":"Spatio-temporal covariation of urban particle number concentration and ambient noise","volume":"43","author":"Weber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.374","article-title":"Road traffic air and noise pollution exposure assessment\u2014A review of tools and techniques","volume":"634","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"9857","article-title":"A Low-Cost High-Quality MEMS Ambisonic Microphone","volume":"143","author":"Zalles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Audio Eng. Soc."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/8\/2256\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:30:53Z","timestamp":1760362253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/8\/2256"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20082256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20082256","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]}}}