{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:54:11Z","timestamp":1780412051956,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]],"date-time":"2020-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009473","name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Plan Propio de la Universidad de M\u00e1laga"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Plan Propio de la Universidad de M\u00e1laga"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009473","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clustering algorithms are necessary in Wireless Sensor Networks to reduce the energy consumption of the overall nodes. The decision of which nodes are the cluster heads (CHs) greatly affects the network performance. The centralized clustering algorithms rely on a sink or Base Station (BS) to select the CHs. To do so, the BS requires extensive data from the nodes, which sometimes need complex hardware inside each node or a significant number of control messages. Alternatively, the nodes in distributed clustering algorithms decide about which the CHs are by exchanging information among themselves. Both centralized and distributed clustering algorithms usually alternate the nodes playing the role of the CHs to dynamically balance the energy consumption among all the nodes in the network. This paper presents a distributed approach to form the clusters dynamically, but it is occasionally supported by the Base Station. In particular, the Base Station sends three messages during the network lifetime to reconfigure the     s k i p     value of the network. The     s k i p    , which stands out as the number of rounds in which the same CHs are kept, is adapted to the network status in this way. At the beginning of each group of rounds, the nodes decide about their convenience to become a CH according to a fuzzy-logic system. As a novelty, the fuzzy controller is as a Tagaki\u2013Sugeno\u2013Kang model and not a Mandami-one as other previous proposals. The clustering algorithm has been tested in a wide set of scenarios, and it has been compared with other representative centralized and distributed fuzzy-logic based algorithms. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed clustering method is able to extend the network operability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T04:49:38Z","timestamp":1587444578000},"page":"2312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Distributed Clustering Algorithm Guided by the Base Station to Extend the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9321-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio-Jesus","family":"Yuste-Delgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, 23700 Linares, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3749-5986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan-Carlos","family":"Cuevas-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Universidad de Ja\u00e9n, 23700 Linares, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7516-2878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Trivi\u00f1o-Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-018-5747-9","article-title":"Survey on wireless sensor network applications and energy efficient routing protocols","volume":"101","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pike, M., Mustafa, N.M., Towey, D., and Brusic, V. (2019, January 15\u201319). Sensor Networks and Data Management in Healthcare: Emerging Technologies and New Challenges. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 43rd Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC), Milwaukee, WI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC.2019.00123"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101754","article-title":"Software-defined wireless sensor networks in smart grids: An overview","volume":"51","author":"Abujubbeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11113","DOI":"10.3390\/s120811113","article-title":"A Survey on Clustering Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Heinzelman, W.R., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H. (2000, January 4\u20137). Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2019.01.034","article-title":"A multi-threshold long life time protocol with consistent performance for wireless sensor networks","volume":"101","author":"Kia","year":"2019","journal-title":"AEU-Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2004.41","article-title":"HEED: A hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks","volume":"3","author":"Younis","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ye, M., Li, C., Chen, G., and Wu, J. (2005, January 7\u20139). EECS: An energy efficient clustering scheme in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference, Phoenix, AZ, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1080\/00207179.2017.1378441","article-title":"Dynamic distributed clustering in wireless sensor networks via Voronoi tessellation control","volume":"92","author":"Pietrabissa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Control"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huo, H., Guo, J., and Li, Z.L. (2018). Hyperspectral Image Classification for Land Cover Based on an Improved Interval Type-II Fuzzy C-Means Approach. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020363"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gencer, A. (2019). Analysis and Control of Fault Ride-Through Capability Improvement for Wind Turbine Based on a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Using an Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic System. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12122289"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2018.2791642","article-title":"Multi-Sensor Image Fusion Based on Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets and Regional Features in Nonsubsampled Shearlet Transform Domain","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-019-06424-9","article-title":"Identifying causal relationships in mobile app issues: An interval type-2 fuzzy DEMATEL approach","volume":"108","author":"Pandey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2703905","article-title":"Cluster Head Enhanced Election Type-2 Fuzzy Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"21","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2019.10.006","article-title":"Energy consumption and network connectivity based on Novel-LEACH-POS protocol networks","volume":"149","author":"Moorthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3448","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.3448","article-title":"FUCA: Fuzzy-based unequal clustering algorithm to prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor networks","volume":"31","author":"Agrawal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Gupta, I., Riordan, D., and Sampalli, S. (2005, January 16\u201318). Cluster-head election using fuzzy logic for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Communication Networks and Services Research Conference (CNSR\u201905), Halifax, NS, Canada."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Zhang, Q., and Sun, Z. (2013, January 22\u201325). ICT2TSK: An improved clustering algorithm for WSN using a type-2 Takagi-Sugeno-Kang Fuzzy Logic System. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Symposium on Wireless Technology Applications (ISWTA), Kuching, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWTA.2013.6688759"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2002.804190","article-title":"An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks","volume":"1","author":"Heinzelman","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.01.024","article-title":"Energy aware cluster and neuro-fuzzy based routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks in IoT","volume":"151","author":"Thangaramya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-net.2018.5102","article-title":"Fuzzy-based cluster head selection and cluster formation in wireless sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Shivappa","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"245","article-title":"Balanced clustering approach with energy prediction and round-time adaptation in wireless sensor networks","volume":"22","author":"Merabtine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Netw. Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4705","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2900094","article-title":"EUDFC-Enhanced Unequal Distributed Type-2 Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm","volume":"19","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Sugeno, M. (1985). Industrial Applications of Fuzzy Control, Elsevier Science Inc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zadeh, L.A., Klir, G.J., and Yuan, B. (1996). Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic, and Fuzzy Systems: Selected Papers, World Scientific.","DOI":"10.1142\/2895"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.04.015","article-title":"A review on interval type-2 fuzzy logic applications in intelligent control","volume":"279","author":"Castillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1049\/piee.1974.0328","article-title":"Application of fuzzy algorithms for control of simple dynamic plant","volume":"121","author":"Mamdani","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jassbi, J.J., Serra, P.J.A., Ribeiro, R.A., and Donati, A. (2006, January 24\u201326). A Comparison of Mandani and Sugeno Inference Systems for a Space Fault Detection Application. Proceedings of the 2006 World Automation Congress, Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAC.2006.376033"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(03)00021-5","article-title":"A survey on universal approximation and its limits in soft computing techniques","volume":"33","author":"Tikk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-012-0845-6","article-title":"Comparison of mamdani and sugeno inference systems for dynamic spectrum allocation in cognitive radio networks","volume":"71","author":"Subhedar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuevas-Martinez, J.C., Yuste-Delgado, A.J., Leon-Sanchez, A.J., Saez-Castillo, A.J., and Trivi\u00f1o-Cabrera, A. (2019). A New Centralized Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204391"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trakadas, P., Zahariadis, T., Leligou, H.C., Voliotis, S., and Papadopoulos, K. (2008, January 25\u201328). Analyzing energy and time overhead of security mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2008 15th International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWSSIP.2008.4604386"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.07.393","article-title":"Data aggregation techniques in WSN: Survey","volume":"92","author":"Dhand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Han, D., Wu, H., and Zhou, R. (2017). Fuzzy-logic based distributed energy-efficient clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071554"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/8\/2312\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:45:05Z","timestamp":1760363105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/8\/2312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20082312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20082312","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]]}}}