{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T20:59:06Z","timestamp":1760821146932,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED431C 2018\/32 and ED431B 2018\/36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431C 2018\/32 and ED431B 2018\/36"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BES-2017-079927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BES-2017-079927"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Correct color measurement by contact-type color measuring devices requires that the sample surface fully covers the head of the device, so their use on small samples remains a challenge. Here, we propose to use cardboard adaptors on the two aperture masks (3 and 8 mm diameter measuring area) of a broadly used portable spectrophotometer. Adaptors in black and white to reduce the measuring area by 50% and 70% were applied in this study. Representatives of the family Campanulaceae have been used to test the methodology, given the occurrence of small leaves. Our results show that, following colorimetric criteria, the only setting providing indistinguishable colors according to the perception of the human eye is the use of a 50%-reducing adaptor on the 3-mm aperture. In addition, statistical analysis suggests the use of the white adaptor. Our contribution offers a sound measurement technique to gather ecological information from the color of leaves, petals, and other small samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T04:49:38Z","timestamp":1587444578000},"page":"2348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Simple, Reliable, and Inexpensive Solution for Contact Color Measurement in Small Plant Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5733-8833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Sanmart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Edafolox\u00eda e Qu\u00edmica Agr\u00edcola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Gambino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigb\u00f8jlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Edafolox\u00eda e Qu\u00edmica Agr\u00edcola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3079-2355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galiza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.00619","article-title":"Advanced phenotyping and phenotype data analysis for the study of plant growth and development","volume":"6","author":"Rahaman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4636","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.114.129601","article-title":"Dissecting the phenotypic components of crop plant growth and drought responses based on high-throughput image analysis","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Jones, C.E., and Little, R.J. (1983). Floral colors through the insect eye: What they are and what they mean. Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/262221981_FLORAL_COLORS_THROUGH_THE_INSECT_EYE_WHAT_THEY_ARE_AND_WHAT_THEY_MEAN."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2000.2089","article-title":"The Origin of Autumn Colours by Coevolution","volume":"205","author":"Archetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Theor. Boil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.6175","article-title":"Colors of young and old spring leaves as a potential signal for ant-tended hemipterans","volume":"3","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3686","DOI":"10.1021\/jf204619n","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect and Mechanisms of an Anthocyanins- and Anthocyanidins-Rich Extract from Purple-Shoot Tea on Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Proliferation","volume":"60","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830513Y.0000000081","article-title":"Kenyan purple tea anthocyanins ability to cross the blood brain barrier and reinforce brain antioxidant capacity in mice","volume":"17","author":"Rashid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11676","DOI":"10.1021\/jf2021623","article-title":"Effects of Salinity Stress on Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, and Color of Diverse Tomato Genotypes","volume":"59","author":"Borghesi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005","DOI":"10.3989\/ajbm.2377","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships of Erysimum (Brassicaceae) from the Baetic Mountains (SE Iberian Peninsula)","volume":"71","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anales del Jard\u00edn Bot\u00e1nico de Madrid"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32604-x","article-title":"The evolution of fruit colour: Phylogeny, abiotic factors and the role of mutualists","volume":"8","author":"Valenta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02505.x","article-title":"The adaptive value of leaf colour","volume":"179","author":"Ougham","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.112.146852","article-title":"Genetic Dissection of a Major Anthocyanin QTL Contributing to Pollinator-Mediated Reproductive Isolation Between Sister Species of Mimulus","volume":"194","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-660","article-title":"Digital image processing techniques for detecting, quantifying and classifying plant diseases","volume":"2","author":"Barbedo","year":"2013","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1270\/jsbbs.16169","article-title":"Direct quantitative evaluation of disease symptoms on living plant leaves growing under natural light","volume":"67","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.67.000202","article-title":"Color vision in the peripheral retina. Hue and saturation","volume":"6","author":"Gordon","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.12.001225","article-title":"Unique hue judgments as a function of test size in the fovea and at 20-deg temporal eccentricity","volume":"12","author":"Nerger","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"CIE (1986). Publication 15.2: Colorimetry, Central Bureau. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Fairchild, M.D. (1998). Color Appearance Models, Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, R.W.G., and Pointer, M.R. (2011). Measuring Colour, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119975595"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, F., Bu, Z., and Lu, S. (2019). Estimating Chlorophyll Content of Leafy Green Vegetables from Adaxial and Abaxial Reflectance. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194059"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/col.20579","article-title":"Measuring the color of granite rocks: A proposed procedure","volume":"35","author":"Prieto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Color Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1017\/S0960428601000725","article-title":"JASIONE (CAMPANULACEAE) ANATOMY IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA AND ITS TAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE","volume":"58","author":"Bokhari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Edinb. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagy, L., and Grabherr, G. (2009). The Biology of Alpine Habitats, University of Oxford Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198567035.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Paiva, J., Sales, F., Hedge, I.C., Aedo, C., Aldasoro, J.J., Castroviejo, S., Herrero, A., and Velayos, M. (2001). Flora iberica XIV. Myoporaceae-Campanulaceae, CSIC. Available online: https:\/\/www.editorial.csic.es\/publicaciones\/libros\/4650\/978-84-00-07953-6\/flora-iberica-vol-xiv-myoporaceae-campanulaceae.html."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"29","article-title":"PHYLOGENY AND SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS IN JASIONE (CAMPANULACEAE) WITH EMPHASIS ON THE \u2018MONTANA-COMPLEX\u2019","volume":"62","author":"Sales","year":"2005","journal-title":"Edinb. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.2005.00452.x","article-title":"Contemporary Human Impacts on Alpine Ecosystems in the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Khumbu, Nepal","volume":"95","author":"Byers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00035-014-0141-z","article-title":"Faster, higher, more? Past, present and future dynamics of alpine and arctic flora under climate change","volume":"124","author":"Rixen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2020, March 18). GLORIA Coordination. Available online: https:\/\/gloria.ac.at\/network\/gloria_coordination."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-011-0358-z","article-title":"Nondestructive assessment of phytopigments in riverbed sediments by the use of instrumental color measurements","volume":"11","author":"Prieto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"763","article-title":"Color measurements as a reliable method for estimating chlorophyll degradation to phaeopigments","volume":"22","author":"Villa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"95","article-title":"A color-rendition chart","volume":"2","author":"McCamy","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Appl. Photogr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2014.06.023","article-title":"Conversion of a digital camera into a non-contact colorimeter for use in stone cultural heritage: The application case to Spanish granites","volume":"56","author":"Chorro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1520-6378.1994.tb00053.x","article-title":"Measurement and Analysis of Object Reflectance Spectra","volume":"19","author":"Vrhel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Color Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1117\/12.342860","article-title":"Comparative analysis of color architectures for image sensors","volume":"3650","author":"Catrysse","year":"1999","journal-title":"Electron. Imaging 99"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1106\/VFAT-5REN-1WK2-5JGQ","article-title":"Visual and instrumental color evaluation in red wines","volume":"7","author":"Melgosa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000285","article-title":"Effect of Surface Finish on Roughness, Color, and Gloss of Ornamental Granites","volume":"23","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2012.673220","article-title":"Spectrophotometric color measurement for early detection and monitoring of greening on granite buildings","volume":"28","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/col.22152","article-title":"Camera characterization for improving color archaeological documentation","volume":"43","year":"2018","journal-title":"Color Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2009). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer Science & Business Media. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2014-031","article-title":"MVN: An R Package for Assessing Multivariate Normality","volume":"6","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venables, W.N., and Ripley, B.D. (2002). Modern Applied Statistics with S, Springer Science and Business Media LLC. Available online: http:\/\/www.stats.ox.ac.uk\/pub\/MASS4\/.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v061.i06","article-title":"NbClust: An R Package for Determining the Relevant Number of Clusters in a Data Set","volume":"61","author":"Charrad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2011). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl117","article-title":"Pvclust: An R package for assessing the uncertainty in hierarchical clustering","volume":"22","author":"Suzuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hang, J., Zhang, D., Chen, P., Zhang, J., and Wang, B. (2019). Classification of Plant Leaf Diseases Based on Improved Convolutional Neural Network. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194161"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105547","article-title":"Development of digital photographic approaches to assess leaf traits in broadleaf tree species","volume":"106","author":"Chianucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2007.04.007","article-title":"Intra-species variation in transient accumulation of leaf anthocyanins in Cistus creticus during winter: Evidence that anthocyanins may compensate for an inherent photosynthetic and photoprotective inferiority of the red-leaf phenotype","volume":"165","author":"Kytridis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2011.07.011","article-title":"The winter-red-leaf syndrome in Pistacia lentiscus: Evidence that the anthocyanic phenotype suffers from nitrogen deficiency, low carboxylation efficiency and high risk of photoinhibition","volume":"168","author":"Nikiforou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12091","article-title":"Do plant traits retrieved from a database accurately predict on-site measurements?","volume":"101","author":"Cordlandwehr","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carranza-Rojas, J., Go\u00ebau, H., Bonnet, P., Mata-Montero, E., and Joly, A. (2017). Going deeper in the automated identification of Herbarium specimens. BMC Evol. Boil., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-017-1014-z"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Carter, D., and Walker, A. (1999). Vascular plants. Care and Conservation of Natural History Collections, Butterwoth Heinemann. Available online: https:\/\/www.natsca.org\/care-and-conservation."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"249","article-title":"Variation in Jasione montana L. (Campanulaceae) and related species in Europe and North Africa","volume":"16","author":"Parnell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Watsonia"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.24310\/abm.v34i0.6944","article-title":"Presencia y estado de conservaci\u00f3n de Jasione corymbosa Poir. ex Schult. (Campanulaceae) en la Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica","volume":"34","author":"Serrano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Malacit."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/8\/2348\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:31:38Z","timestamp":1760362298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/8\/2348"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20082348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20082348","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]}}}