{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T22:48:53Z","timestamp":1784242133973,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CHE 1464906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHE 1464906"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past two decades, the vibrational Stark effect has become an important tool to measure and analyze the in situ electric field strength in various chemical environments with infrared spectroscopy. The underlying assumption of this effect is that the normal stretching mode of a target bond such as CO or CN of a reporter molecule (termed vibrational Stark effect probe) is localized and free from mass-coupling from other internal coordinates, so that its frequency shift directly reflects the influence of the vicinal electric field. However, the validity of this essential assumption has never been assessed. Given the fact that normal modes are generally delocalized because of mass-coupling, this analysis was overdue. Therefore, we carried out a comprehensive evaluation of 68 vibrational Stark effect probes and candidates to quantify the degree to which their target normal vibration of probe bond stretching is decoupled from local vibrations driven by other internal coordinates. The unique tool we used is the local mode analysis originally introduced by Konkoli and Cremer, in particular the decomposition of normal modes into local mode contributions. Based on our results, we recommend 31 polyatomic molecules with localized target bonds as ideal vibrational Stark effect probe candidates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T04:15:13Z","timestamp":1587528913000},"page":"2358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["A Critical Evaluation of Vibrational Stark Effect (VSE) Probes with the Local Vibrational Mode Theory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4762-944X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niraj","family":"Verma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunwen","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Physics, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5227-1334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Freindorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9658-5626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elfi","family":"Kraka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/092401b0","article-title":"Observation of the Separation of Spectral Lines by an Electric Field","volume":"92","author":"Stark","year":"1913","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00109a038","article-title":"Vibrational Stark Effect Spectroscopy","volume":"117","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. 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