{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T17:39:56Z","timestamp":1771781996742,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":258,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DPI2017-83859-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPI2017-83859-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DPI2014-51870-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPI2014-51870-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UNGR15-CE-3664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UNGR15-CE-3664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EQC2018-004508-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQC2018-004508-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003751","name":"Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DTS15\/00093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTS15\/00093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003751","name":"Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI16\/00339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16\/00339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011011","name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI-0107-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-0107-2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011011","name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIN-0030-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIN-0030-2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011011","name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IE2017-5537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IE2017-5537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Juan de la Cierva Incorporaci\u00f3n","award":["IJC2018-037167-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IJC2018-037167-I"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRE2018-086085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRE2018-086085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The adoption of multiscale approaches by the biomechanical community has caused a major improvement in quality in the mechanical characterization of soft tissues. The recent developments in elastography techniques are enabling in vivo and non-invasive quantification of tissues\u2019 mechanical properties. Elastic changes in a tissue are associated with a broad spectrum of pathologies, which stems from the tissue microstructure, histology and biochemistry. This knowledge is combined with research evidence to provide a powerful diagnostic range of highly prevalent pathologies, from birth and labor disorders (prematurity, induction failures, etc.), to solid tumors (e.g., prostate, cervix, breast, melanoma) and liver fibrosis, just to name a few. This review aims to elucidate the potential of viscous and nonlinear elastic parameters as conceivable diagnostic mechanical biomarkers. First, by providing an insight into the classic role of soft tissue microstructure in linear elasticity; secondly, by understanding how viscosity and nonlinearity could enhance the current diagnosis in elastography; and finally, by compounding preliminary investigations of those elastography parameters within different technologies. In conclusion, evidence of the diagnostic capability of elastic parameters beyond linear stiffness is gaining momentum as a result of the technological and imaging developments in the field of biomechanics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T02:10:52Z","timestamp":1587607852000},"page":"2379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Why Are Viscosity and Nonlinearity Bound to Make an Impact in Clinical Elastographic Diagnosis?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9239-294X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Rus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultrasonics Group (TEP-959), Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Biomechanics Group (TEC-12), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Excellence Research Unit \u201cModelingNature\u201d MNat UCE.PP2017.03, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9026-3784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inas H.","family":"Faris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultrasonics Group (TEP-959), Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Biomechanics Group (TEC-12), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9488-6794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultrasonics Group (TEP-959), Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Biomechanics Group (TEC-12), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3196-5935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Callejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultrasonics Group (TEP-959), Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Biomechanics Group (TEC-12), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5542-1588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Melchor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Group (TEC-12), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Excellence Research Unit \u201cModelingNature\u201d MNat UCE.PP2017.03, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2174\/157340512799220625","article-title":"A review of shearwave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry (SDUV) and its applications","volume":"8","author":"Urban","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Imaging Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.18650","article-title":"Ultrasound elastography: Review of techniques and clinical applications","volume":"7","author":"Sigrist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826535","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/826535","article-title":"Quantitative Elastography for Cervical Stiffness Assessment during Pregnancy","volume":"2014","author":"Fruscalzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12555","article-title":"Estimation of shear wave speed in the human uterine cervix","volume":"43","author":"Carlson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1335205","article-title":"EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of ultrasound elastography. Part 1: Basic principles and technology","volume":"34","author":"Bamber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med. Eur. J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.03.009","article-title":"WFUMB guidelines and recommendations for clinical use of ultrasound elastography: Part 1: Basic principles and terminology","volume":"41","author":"Shiina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0838-9937","article-title":"The EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations for the clinical practice of elastography in non-hepatic applications: Update 2018","volume":"40","author":"Gilja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med. Eur. J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1335375","article-title":"EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of ultrasound elastography. Part 2: Clinical applications","volume":"34","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med. Eur. J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-3262","article-title":"Tumor elastography and its association with collagen and the tumor microenvironment","volume":"24","author":"Riegler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.02.037","article-title":"Mechanical assessment of cervical remodelling in pregnancy: Insight from a synthetic model","volume":"48","author":"Peralta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.09.049","article-title":"Geometric characterization and simulation of planar layered elastomeric fibrous biomaterials","volume":"12","author":"Carleton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5957432","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5957432","article-title":"Histobiomechanical Remodeling of the Cervix during Pregnancy: Proposed Framework","volume":"2019","author":"Torres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Biomechanics of Soft Tissue","volume":"3","author":"Holzapfel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Handb. Mater. Behav. Model."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2007.04.001","article-title":"Nanomechanics of collagen fibrils under varying cross-link densities: Atomistic and continuum studies","volume":"1","author":"Buehler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01731","article-title":"Procollagen trafficking, processing and fibrillogenesis","volume":"118","author":"Canty","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaar2566","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aar2566","article-title":"Thrombospondin-1 promotes matrix homeostasis by interacting with collagen and lysyl oxidase precursors and collagen cross-linking sites","volume":"11","author":"Rosini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"513","article-title":"Enhancing mechanical properties of tissue-engineered constructs via lysyl oxidase crosslinking activity","volume":"66","author":"Elbjeirami","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A Off. J. Soc. Biomater. Jpn. Soc. Biomater. Aust. Soc. Biomater. Korean Soc. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.65.109","article-title":"Collagen fibers, reticular fibers and elastic fibers. A comprehensive understanding from a morphological viewpoint","volume":"65","author":"Ushiki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Histol. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3160001","article-title":"Collagen fibril formation","volume":"316","author":"Kadler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16440","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.641670","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase activity is required for ordered collagen fibrillogenesis by tendon cells","volume":"290","author":"Herchenhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61183-2","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase is essential for normal development and function of the respiratory system and for the integrity of elastic and collagen fibers in various tissues","volume":"167","author":"Sormunen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4486","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00825a004","article-title":"Cross-linking of collagen and elastin. Properties of lysyl oxidase","volume":"9","author":"Siegel","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3109\/03008208509015017","article-title":"Binding of lysyl oxidase to fibrils of type I collagen","volume":"14","author":"Cronlund","year":"1985","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(79)90027-7","article-title":"A structural theory for the homogeneous biaxial stress-strain relationships in flat collagenous tissues","volume":"12","author":"Lanir","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1116\/1.577736","article-title":"Atomic force microscope images of collagen fibers","volume":"10","author":"Chernoff","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A Vac. Surfaces Films"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014021","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2699170","article-title":"Absorption of collagen: Effects on the estimate of breast composition and related diagnostic implications","volume":"12","author":"Taroni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.3.002021","article-title":"Quantifying collagen structure in breast biopsies using second-harmonic generation imaging","volume":"3","author":"Ambekar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0174-173X(82)80031-9","article-title":"The extracellular matrix of the liver","volume":"2","author":"Rojkind","year":"1982","journal-title":"Collagen Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3109\/03008208909103901","article-title":"Collagens of normal and cirrhotic human liver","volume":"23","author":"Aycock","year":"1989","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-8-82","article-title":"Collagen concentration and biomechanical properties of samples from the lower uterine cervix in relation to age and parity in non-pregnant women","volume":"8","author":"Oxlund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13143","article-title":"Cervical collagen is reduced in non-pregnant women with a history of cervical insufficiency and a short cervix","volume":"96","author":"Sundtoft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2007.04.009","article-title":"Mechanical and biochemical properties of human cervical tissue","volume":"4","author":"Myers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.122582","article-title":"Tissue elasticity displayed by elastography and its correlation with the characteristics of collagen type I and type III in prostatic stroma","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, R., Fialkow, P.J., and Altman, L.K. (1977). The morphogenesis of elastic fibers. Elastin and Elastic Tissue, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-9093-0_2"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvr195","article-title":"Mechanical assessment of elastin integrity in fibrillin-1-deficient carotid arteries: Implications for Marfan syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Ferruzzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"56","article-title":"Mechanical characterization of cells and tissues at the micro scale","volume":"2","author":"Hansford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Ing. Biom\u00e9dica"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauscher, S., and Pom\u00e8s, R. (2012). Structural disorder and protein elasticity. Fuzziness, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0659-4_10"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.1022","article-title":"Elastic proteins: Biological roles and mechanical properties","volume":"357","author":"Gosline","year":"2002","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.02.039","article-title":"Micro and macro rheology of planar tissues","volume":"30","author":"Lokshin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2009.10.026","article-title":"The extracellular matrix in development and morphogenesis: A dynamic view","volume":"341","author":"Rozario","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2520313","article-title":"Proteoglycan-fibrillar collagen interactions","volume":"252","author":"Scott","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0190866","article-title":"Structure and properties of dermatan sulphate proteoglycans","volume":"19","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(80)90308-6","article-title":"Complexing of fibronectin glycosaminoglycans and collagen","volume":"631","author":"Ruoslahti","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowin, S.C., and Doty, S.B. (2007). Tissue Mechanics, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-49985-7"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aristizabal, S. (2018). Anisotropic Shear Wave Elastography. Ultrasound Elastography for Biomedical Applications and Medicine, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119021520.ch26"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.07.008","article-title":"Influence of cross-link structure, density and mechanical properties in the mesoscale deformation mechanisms of collagen fibrils","volume":"52","author":"Depalle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2013.04.033","article-title":"Fracture mechanics of collagen fibrils: Influence of natural cross-links","volume":"104","author":"Svensson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14417","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR02644D","article-title":"Nanomechanical mapping of single collagen fibrils under tension","volume":"11","author":"Peacock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.01.003","article-title":"Selective enzymatic removal of elastin and collagen from human abdominal aortas: Uniaxial mechanical response and constitutive modeling","volume":"17","author":"Schriefl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-010-0260-4","article-title":"The orthotropic viscoelastic behavior of aortic elastin","volume":"10","author":"Zou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(98)00110-0","article-title":"Shear wave elasticity imaging: A new ultrasonic technology of medical diagnostics","volume":"24","author":"Sarvazyan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.02.006","article-title":"Acoustic waves in medical imaging and diagnostics","volume":"39","author":"Sarvazyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24651","DOI":"10.4161\/biom.24651","article-title":"Understanding the viscoelastic behavior of collagen matrices through relaxation time distribution spectrum","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomatter"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2011.04.052","article-title":"Viscoelastic properties of isolated collagen fibrils","volume":"100","author":"Shen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90364-9","article-title":"Deviatoric and hydrostatic mode interaction in hard and soft tissue","volume":"23","author":"Cowin","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new constitutive framework for arterial wall mechanics and a comparative study of material models","volume":"61","author":"Holzapfel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Elast. Phys. Sci. Solids"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Duck, F.A. (2013). Physical Properties of Tissues: A Comprehensive Reference Book, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2014.006653","article-title":"Derivation and analysis of viscoelastic properties in human liver: Impact of frequency on fibrosis and steatosis staging","volume":"62","author":"Nightingale","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2019.2944126","article-title":"Measurement of Viscoelastic Material Model Parameters using Fractional Derivative Group Shear Wave Speeds in Simulation and Phantom Data","volume":"67","author":"Trutna","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4988148","article-title":"Shear elasticity and shear viscosity imaging in viscoelastic phantoms","volume":"141","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amador, C., Kinnick, R.R., Urban, M.W., Fatemi, M., and Greenleaf, J.F. (2015, January 21\u201324). Viscoelastic tissue mimicking phantom validation study with shear wave elasticity imaging and viscoelastic spectroscopy. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2015.0287"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/60\/3\/1289","article-title":"Modeling transversely isotropic, viscoelastic, incompressible tissue-like materials with application in ultrasound shear wave elastography","volume":"60","author":"Qiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gennisson, J.L., and Aristizabal, S. (2018). Nonlinear Shear Elasticity. Ultrasound Elastography for Biomedical Applications and Medicine, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119021520.ch29"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-9166(12)60039-1","article-title":"Viscoelasticity and poroelasticity in elastomeric gels","volume":"25","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Mech. Solida Sin."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s10409-014-0015-z","article-title":"Separating viscoelasticity and poroelasticity of gels with different length and time scales","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Mech. Sin."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Mayah, A. (2018). Biomechanics of Soft Tissues: Principles and Applications, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351135825"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0110613","article-title":"Proteoglycans as organizers of the intercellular matrix","volume":"11","author":"Muir","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00105-5","article-title":"Experimental verification and theoretical prediction of cartilage interstitial fluid pressurization at an impermeable contact interface in confined compression","volume":"31","author":"Soltz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2011.08.007","article-title":"Role of structural anisotropy of biological tissues in poroelastic wave propagation","volume":"44","author":"Cardoso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/59\/3\/505","article-title":"In vivo evaluation of the elastic anisotropy of the human Achilles tendon using shear wave dispersion analysis","volume":"59","author":"Brum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.01.044","article-title":"Assessing viscoelasticity of shear wave propagation in cervical tissue by multiscale computational simulation","volume":"48","author":"Peralta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Nitta, N., Shiina, T., and Ueno, E. (2002, January 8\u201311). Quantitative assessment and imaging of viscoelastic properties of soft tissue. Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5672","DOI":"10.1039\/c3sm50552a","article-title":"Structure-sensitive elastography: On the viscoelastic powerlaw behavior of in vivo human tissue in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Sack","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnonlinmec.2013.03.012","article-title":"Modeling and measuring visco-elastic properties: From collagen molecules to collagen fibrils","volume":"56","author":"Gautieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Non-Linear Mech."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3233\/BIR-2012-0606","article-title":"Viscoelastic properties of the passive mechanical behavior of the porcine carotid artery: Influence of proximal and distal positions","volume":"49","author":"Pena","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1587","article-title":"Viscoelastic and rheological properties of concentrated solutions of proteoglycan subunit and proteoglycan aggregate","volume":"29","author":"Soby","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biopolym. Orig. Res. Biomol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/9\/007","article-title":"Viscoelasticity imaging using ultrasound: Parameters and error analysis","volume":"52","author":"Sridhar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13963","article-title":"Proteoglycan neofunctions: Regulation of inflammation and autophagy in cancer biology","volume":"284","author":"Schaefer","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12145","article-title":"Biological interplay between proteoglycans and their innate immune receptors in inflammation","volume":"280","author":"Frey","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910540406","article-title":"Sulfated proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix of human breast tissues with infiltrating carcinoma","volume":"54","author":"Losa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.12.006","article-title":"Assessment of structural heterogeneity and viscosity in the cervix using shear wave elasticity imaging: Initial results from a rhesus macaque model","volume":"43","author":"Palmeri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"772","article-title":"In vitro analysis of muscular contractile ability and passive biomechanical properties of uterine cervical samples from nonpregnant women","volume":"77","author":"Petersen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.01.016","article-title":"Measuring the compressive viscoelastic mechanical properties of human cervical tissue using indentation","volume":"34","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834893","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/834893","article-title":"Roles of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans in wound healing and fibrosis","volume":"2015","author":"Ghatak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000205915.15940.15","article-title":"Smart damping modulation of carotid wall energetics in human hypertension: Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition","volume":"47","author":"Armentano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.04.053","article-title":"A new paradigm for the role of smooth muscle cells in the human cervix","volume":"215","author":"Vink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01308606","article-title":"\u03b1-Smooth-muscle actin expression in normal and fibrotic human livers","volume":"38","author":"Yamaoka","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(85)90015-6","article-title":"The pressure dependent dynamic elasticity of 35 thoracic and 16 abdominal human aortas in vitro described by a five component model","volume":"18","author":"Langewouters","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, V., Denis, M., Gregory, A., Bayat, M., Mehrmohammadi, M., Fazzio, R., Fatemi, M., and Alizad, A. (2018). Viscoelastic parameters as discriminators of breast masses: Initial human study results. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205717"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41885-9","article-title":"Viscoelastic biomarker for differentiation of benign and malignant breast lesion in ultra-low frequency range","volume":"9","author":"Nabavizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21404","article-title":"MR elastography of breast lesions: Understanding the solid\/liquid duality can improve the specificity of contrast-enhanced MR mammography","volume":"58","author":"Sinkus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.03.001","article-title":"Breast elasticity: Principles, technique, results: An update and overview of commercially available software","volume":"82","author":"Balleyguier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.2217\/iim.11.41","article-title":"What challenges must be overcome before ultrasound elasticity imaging is ready for the clinic?","volume":"3","author":"Palmeri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Imaging Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2017.2781654","article-title":"Application of Acoustoelasticity to Evaluate Nonlinear Modulus inEx VivoKidneys","volume":"65","author":"Aristizabal","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6650","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200151109","article-title":"Demyelination reduces brain parenchymal stiffness quantified in vivo by magnetic resonance elastography","volume":"109","author":"Schregel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Streitberger, K.J., Sack, I., Krefting, D., Pf\u00fcller, C., Braun, J., Paul, F., and Wuerfel, J. (2012). Brain viscoelasticity alteration in chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029888"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.02.040","article-title":"The impact of aging and gender on brain viscoelasticity","volume":"46","author":"Sack","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2009.1005","article-title":"Shearwave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry (SDUV) for measuring tissue elasticity and viscosity","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12120837","article-title":"Assessment of liver viscoelasticity by using shear waves induced by ultrasound radiation force","volume":"266","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2016.10.007","article-title":"Model-dependent and model-independent approaches for evaluating hepatic fibrosis in rat liver using shearwave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2053928","article-title":"Shear Wave Dispersion Ultrasonic Vibrometry for Measuring Prostate Shear Stiffness and Viscosity: An In Vitro Pilot Study","volume":"58","author":"Mitri","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.11.024","article-title":"Quantitative characterization of viscoelastic properties of human prostate correlated with histology","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2004.11.060","article-title":"Viscoelastic shear properties of in vivo breast lesions measured by MR elastography","volume":"23","author":"Sinkus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20355","article-title":"Imaging anisotropic and viscous properties of breast tissue by magnetic resonance-elastography","volume":"53","author":"Sinkus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aa4f6f","article-title":"Attenuation measuring ultrasound shearwave elastography and in vivo application in post-transplant liver patients","volume":"62","author":"Nenadic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7281","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/24\/006","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of the rheological behavior of human organs using multifrequency MR elastography: A study of brain and liver viscoelasticity","volume":"52","author":"Klatt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21636","article-title":"Assessment of liver viscoelasticity using multifrequency MR elastography","volume":"60","author":"Asbach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2010.100276","article-title":"A feasibility study of MR elastography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer at 3.0 T","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.19031","article-title":"Clinical utilization of shear wave dispersion imaging in the diffuse liver disease","volume":"39","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.09.020","article-title":"Investigating liver stiffness and viscosity for fibrosis, steatosis and activity staging using shear wave elastography","volume":"62","author":"Deffieux","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callejas, A., Gomez, A., Melchor, J., Riveiro, M., Mass\u00f3, P., Torres, J., L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez, M., and Rus, G. (2017). Performance study of a torsional wave sensor and cervical tissue characterization. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17092078"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150088","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2015.0088","article-title":"Collagen network strengthening following cyclic tensile loading","volume":"6","author":"Susilo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, L., Burcher, M., and Noble, J.A. (2002, January 25\u201328). Non-invasive measurement of biomechanical properties of in vivo soft tissues. Proceedings of the International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45786-0_26"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10409-019-00895-6","article-title":"Viscoelastic models revisited: Characteristics and interconversion formulas for generalized Kelvin\u2013Voigt and Maxwell models","volume":"35","author":"Reyes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Mech. Sin."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.11.015","article-title":"Characterization of blood clot viscoelasticity by dynamic ultrasound elastography and modeling of the rheological behavior","volume":"44","author":"Schmitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Fung, Y.C. (2013). Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215012","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab453d","article-title":"Towards a consensus on rheological models for elastography in soft tissues","volume":"64","author":"Parker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3167616","article-title":"Applications of fractional calculus to the theory of viscoelasticity","volume":"51","author":"Koeller","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121904","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4894827","article-title":"Nature of acoustic nonlinear radiation stress","volume":"105","author":"Rus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"Gomez, A. (2018). Transurethral Shear Wave Elastography for Prostate Cancer. [Ph.D. Thesis, University College London]."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2011.1816","article-title":"3-D FDTD simulation of shear waves for evaluation of complex modulus imaging","volume":"58","author":"Orescanin","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2004.1367494","article-title":"The role of viscosity in the impulse diffraction field of elastic waves induced by the acoustic radiation force","volume":"51","author":"Bercoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2013.777798","article-title":"A study of breast motion using non-linear dynamic FE analysis","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"956","article-title":"Hepatic viscoelastic parameters measured with MR elastography: Correlations with quantitative analysis of liver fibrosis in the rat","volume":"26","author":"Salameh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.09.027","article-title":"Quantitative diagnostics of soft tissue through viscoelastic characterization using time-based instrumented palpation","volume":"41","author":"Hammer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/11\/020","article-title":"Quantitative viscoelastic parameters measured by harmonic motion imaging","volume":"54","author":"Vappou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.04.012","article-title":"Congruence of imaging estimators and mechanical measurements of viscoelastic properties of soft tissues","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2019.2908550","article-title":"Reconstruction of Viscosity Maps in Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography","volume":"66","author":"Bhatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10659-016-9607-0","article-title":"Multi-scale structural modeling of soft tissues mechanics and mechanobiology","volume":"129","author":"Lanir","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Elast."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1039\/c3sm52769g","article-title":"Mechanics of biological networks: From the cell cytoskeleton to connective tissue","volume":"10","author":"Pritchard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.02.065","article-title":"The mechanical role of the cervix in pregnancy","volume":"48","author":"Myers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"5049104","article-title":"Nonlinear Classical Elasticity Model for Materials with Fluid and Matrix Phases","volume":"2018","author":"Melchor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2012.2201497","article-title":"Linear and nonlinear elastic modulus imaging: An application to breast cancer diagnosis","volume":"31","author":"Goenezen","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"Landau, L.D., and Lifshitz, E.M. (1959). Course of Theoretical Physics Volume 7: Theory and Elasticity, Pergamon Press."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.30.9.244","article-title":"The compressibility of media under extreme pressures","volume":"30","author":"Murnaghan","year":"1944","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2005.0073","article-title":"Hyperelastic modelling of arterial layers with distributed collagen fibre orientations","volume":"3","author":"Gasser","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogden, R.W., and Holzapfel, G.A. (2006). Mechanics of Biological Tissue, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-31184-X"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ovenden, N., and Walsh, C. (2016). Fundamentals of Physiological Solid Mechanics. Fluid and Solid Mechanics, World Scientific.","DOI":"10.1142\/9781786340276_0006"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truesdell, C., and Noll, W. (2004). The non-linear field theories of mechanics. The Non-Linear Field Theories of Mechanics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-10388-3"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1802533","article-title":"Modeling of nonlinear shear waves in soft solids","volume":"116","author":"Zabolotskaya","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2015.2503601","article-title":"In Vivo Quantification of the Nonlinear Shear Modulus in Breast Lesions: Feasibility Study","volume":"63","author":"Bernal","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2018.10.009","article-title":"Damage prediction via nonlinear ultrasound: A micro-mechanical approach","volume":"93","author":"Melchor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20238","article-title":"Observation of nonlinear shear wave propagation using magnetic resonance elastography","volume":"52","author":"Sack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"Melchor, J. (2016). Mechanics of Nonlinear Ultrasound in Tissue. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Granada]."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2019.01.012","article-title":"Nonlinear torsional wave propagation in cylindrical coordinates to assess biomechanical parameters","volume":"445","author":"Riveiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-011-0316-0","article-title":"A multiscale mechanobiological modelling framework using agent-based models and finite element analysis: Application to vascular tissue engineering","volume":"11","author":"Zahedmanesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.07.040","article-title":"A unified multiscale mechanical model for soft collagenous tissues with regular fiber arrangement","volume":"43","author":"Maceri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"Hamilton, M.F., and Blackstock, D.T. (1998). Nonlinear Acoustics, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s10778-008-0042-1","article-title":"Quadratic nonlinear torsional hyperelastic waves in isotropic cylinders: Primary analysis of evolution","volume":"44","author":"Rushchitsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2012.2262","article-title":"Quantitative imaging of nonlinear shear modulus by combining static elastography and shear wave elastography","volume":"59","author":"Gennisson","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/RUQ.0b013e318249f594","article-title":"Shear wave ultrasound elastography of the prostate: Initial results","volume":"28","author":"Barr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Q."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1109\/58.996560","article-title":"Shear modulus imaging with 2-D transient elastography","volume":"49","author":"Sandrin","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2013.01.022","article-title":"Ultrasound elastography: Principles and techniques","volume":"94","author":"Gennisson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-015-0658-0","article-title":"Measuring the linear and nonlinear elastic properties of brain tissue with shear waves and inverse analysis","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2775871","article-title":"Nonlinear shear wave interaction in soft solids","volume":"122","author":"Jacob","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2014.10.010","article-title":"Characterization of the nonlinear elastic properties of soft tissues using the supersonic shear imaging (SSI) technique: Inverse method, ex vivo and in vivo experiments","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/1\/R01","article-title":"Imaging the elastic properties of tissue: The 20 year perspective","volume":"56 1","author":"Parker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-018-1475-6","article-title":"Principles of ultrasound elastography","volume":"43","author":"Ozturk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.11.43","article-title":"Imaging in prostate cancer","volume":"7","author":"Abdellaoui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Futur. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.06.020","article-title":"WFUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of ultrasound elastography: Part 5. Prostate","volume":"43","author":"Barr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.12.006","article-title":"Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging of human prostates ex vivo","volume":"36","author":"Zhai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.10.002","article-title":"Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging of Human Prostates: Initial In Vivo Demonstration","volume":"38","author":"Zhai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14140567","article-title":"Prostate Cancer: Diagnostic Performance of Real-time Shear-Wave Elastography","volume":"275","author":"Correas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.05.031","article-title":"Update on ultrasound elastography: Miscellanea. Prostate, testicle, musculo-skeletal","volume":"82","author":"Correas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.10.012","article-title":"Elastic modulus of the prostate: A new non-invasive feature to diagnose bladder outlet obstruction in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2014.15.3.346","article-title":"Shear wave elastography for detection of prostate cancer: A preliminary study","volume":"15","author":"Woo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correas, J.M., Khairoune, A., Tissier, A.M., and Vassiliu, V. (2011, January 3\u20137). Trans-rectal quantitative Shear Wave Elastrography: Application to prostate cancer\u2014A feasibility study. Proceedings of the European Congress of Radiology, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.05.236"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.09.100","article-title":"Shear Wave Elastography for Localization of Prostate Cancer Lesions and Assessment of Elasticity Thresholds: Implications for Targeted Biopsies and Active Surveillance Protocols","volume":"193","author":"Boehm","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2014.11.013","article-title":"Shear wave elastography assessment in the prostate: An intraobserver reproducibility study","volume":"39","author":"Woo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.02.002","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of breast lesion viscoelasticity: Initial clinical results using supersonic shear imaging","volume":"34","author":"Tanter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/016173461003200401","article-title":"Characterizing Stiffness of Human Prostates Using Acoustic Radiation Force","volume":"32","author":"Zhai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2478\/v10019-011-0026-3","article-title":"A comparison of virtual touch tissue quantification and digital rectal examination for discrimination between prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"46","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3233\/CBM-2008-44-505","article-title":"Tissue elasticity properties as biomarkers for prostate cancer","volume":"4","author":"Hoyt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Biomark."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22038","article-title":"In vivo MR elastography of the prostate gland using a transurethral actuator","volume":"62","author":"Chopra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22633","article-title":"Transurethral prostate magnetic resonance elastography: Prospective imaging requirements","volume":"65","author":"Arani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28127","article-title":"Prostate cancer assessment using MR elastography of fresh prostatectomy specimens at 9.4 T","volume":"84","author":"Reiter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.211.3.r99jn31845","article-title":"BI-RADS categorization as a predictor of malignancy","volume":"211","author":"Orel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2010.06.008","article-title":"A prospective study to compare the diagnostic performance of breast elastography versus conventional breast ultrasound","volume":"65","author":"Leong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jus.2012.06.009","article-title":"Breast elastography: A literature review","volume":"15","author":"Goddi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr932","article-title":"The changing global patterns of female breast cancer incidence and mortality","volume":"6","author":"Bray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_182","unstructured":"Culpan, A.M. (2020, March 25). Breast Elastography. Imaging & Therapy Practice. Available online: https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/openview\/a5377f86d950c0ca1132920c07c00430\/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=46803."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.03.008","article-title":"WFUMB guidelines and recommendations for clinical use of ultrasound elastography: Part 2: Breast","volume":"41","author":"Barr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2012.31.2.281","article-title":"Evaluation of breast lesions using sonographic elasticity imaging: A multicenter trial","volume":"31","author":"Barr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Li, D.W., Fang, Y.X., Song, Y.J., Deng, Z.J., Gao, J., Xie, Y., Yin, T.S., Ying, L., and Tang, K.F. (2013). Performance of shear wave elastography for differentiation of benign and malignant solid breast masses. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076322"},{"key":"ref_186","unstructured":"D\u2019Orsi, C., Bassett, L., and Feig, S. (1998). Breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS). Breast Imaging Atlas, American College of Radiology. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-014-0349-2","article-title":"Diagnostic performances of shear-wave elastography for identification of malignant breast lesions: A meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R104","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr2787","article-title":"Quantitative shear wave ultrasound elastography: Initial experience in solid breast masses","volume":"12","author":"Evans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denis, M., Mehrmohammadi, M., Song, P., Meixner, D.D., Fazzio, R.T., Pruthi, S., Whaley, D.H., Chen, S., Fatemi, M., and Alizad, A. (2015). Comb-push ultrasound shear elastography of breast masses: Initial results show promise. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119398"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2010.29.4.551","article-title":"Using real-time tissue elastography for breast lesion evaluation: Our initial experience","volume":"29","author":"Raza","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-013-2854-6","article-title":"Shear-wave elastography in the diagnosis of solid breast masses: What leads to false-negative or false-positive results?","volume":"23","author":"Yoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-013-2873-3","article-title":"Diagnostic value of commercially available shear-wave elastography for breast cancers: Integration into BI-RADS classification with subcategories of category 4","volume":"23","author":"Youk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregory, A., Mehrmohammadi, M., Denis, M., Bayat, M., Stan, D.L., Fatemi, M., and Alizad, A. (2015). Effect of calcifications on breast ultrasound shear wave elastography: An investigational study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137898"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2017.01.044","article-title":"Quantitative diagnosis of breast tumors by characterization of viscoelastic behavior of healthy breast tissue","volume":"68","author":"Madani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2008.05.023","article-title":"Ultrasonic viscoelasticity imaging of nonpalpable breast tumors: Preliminary results","volume":"15","author":"Qiu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2787679","article-title":"AutomatedIn VivoSub-Hertz Analysis of Viscoelasticity (SAVE) for Evaluation of Breast Lesions","volume":"65","author":"Bayat","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amy, D., Bercoff, J., and Bibby, E. (2018). Breast Elastography. Lobar Approach to Breast Ultrasound, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61681-0"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.18053","article-title":"Future of breast elastography","volume":"38","author":"Barr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.09.014","article-title":"Burden of liver diseases in the world","volume":"70","author":"Asrani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byass, P. (2014). The global burden of liver disease: A challenge for methods and for public health. BMC Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0159-5"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13682","article-title":"Liver diseases: A major, neglected global public health problem requiring urgent actions and large-scale screening","volume":"38","author":"Marcellin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.07.008","article-title":"Liver ultrasound elastography: An update to the world federation for ultrasound in medicine and biology guidelines and recommendations","volume":"44","author":"Ferraioli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.03.007","article-title":"WFUMB guidelines and recommendations for clinical use of ultrasound elastography: Part 3: Liver","volume":"41","author":"Ferraioli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015150619","article-title":"Elastography assessment of liver fibrosis: Society of radiologists in ultrasound consensus conference statement","volume":"276","author":"Barr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Association for Study of Liver (2014). EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatitis C virus infection. J. Hepatol., 60, 392.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.11.003"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-103952","article-title":"EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of liver ultrasound elastography, update 2017 (long version)","volume":"38","author":"Dietrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med. Eur. J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_207","first-page":"s161","article-title":"Role of liver biopsy in management of chronic hepatitis C: A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Gebo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.03.025","article-title":"Complication rate of percutaneous liver biopsies among persons with advanced chronic liver disease in the HALT-C trial","volume":"8","author":"Seeff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.06038.x","article-title":"Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection","volume":"97","author":"Regev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_210","first-page":"1295","article-title":"Liver biopsy complications and routine ultrasound","volume":"91","author":"Stotland","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510240201","article-title":"An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis C","volume":"24","author":"Bedossa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.07.006","article-title":"Grading and staging systems for inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases","volume":"47","author":"Goodman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20506","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stiffness in patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"41","author":"Ziol","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.11.018","article-title":"Prospective comparison of transient elastography, Fibrotest, APRI, and liver biopsy for the assessment of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C","volume":"128","author":"Vergniol","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chon, Y.E., Choi, E.H., Song, K.J., Park, J.Y., Han, K.H., Chon, C.Y., Ahn, S.H., and Kim, S.U. (2012). Performance of transient elastography for the staging of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044930"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.12.014","article-title":"Accuracy of fibroscan, compared with histology, in analysis of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis B or C: A United States multicenter study","volume":"13","author":"Afdhal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.04.044","article-title":"Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis with impulse elastography: Comparison of Supersonic Shear Imaging with ARFI and FibroScan\u00ae","volume":"61","author":"Cassinotto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e328339e0a1","article-title":"Acoustic radiation force impulse: A new ultrasonographic technology for the widespread noninvasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Boursier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.10.009","article-title":"Quantifying hepatic shear modulus in vivo using acoustic radiation force","volume":"34","author":"Palmeri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.08.018","article-title":"Quantitative viscoelasticity mapping of human liver using supersonic shear imaging: Preliminary in vivo feasability study","volume":"35","author":"Muller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2008.925077","article-title":"Shear wave spectroscopy for in vivo quantification of human soft tissues visco-elasticity","volume":"28","author":"Deffieux","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.10.016","article-title":"Mouse liver dispersion for the diagnosis of early-stage fatty liver disease: A 70-sample study","volume":"40","author":"Barry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2452061673","article-title":"Liver fibrosis: Noninvasive assessment with MR elastography versus aspartate aminotransferase\u2013to-platelet ratio index","volume":"245","author":"Huwart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.11.018","article-title":"Liver stiffness is directly influenced by central venous pressure","volume":"52","author":"Millonig","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.05.016","article-title":"Noninvasive in vivo liver fibrosis evaluation using supersonic shear imaging: A clinical study on 113 hepatitis C virus patients","volume":"37","author":"Bavu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.12.011","article-title":"Which are the cut-off values of 2D-Shear Wave Elastography (2D-SWE) liver stiffness measurements predicting different stages of liver fibrosis, considering Transient Elastography (TE) as the reference method?","volume":"83","author":"Sporea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v9.i16.715","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An expanded review","volume":"9","author":"Benedict","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05815-z","article-title":"Validation and refinement of noninvasive methods to assess hepatic fibrosis: Magnetic resonance elastography versus enhanced liver fibrosis index","volume":"65","author":"Sherman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30974","article-title":"Clinical Utility of an Increase in Magnetic Resonance Elastography in Predicting Fibrosis Progression in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"71","author":"Ajmera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15626","article-title":"Prevalence of significant hepatic fibrosis using magnetic resonance elastography in a health check-up clinic population","volume":"51","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.07.368","article-title":"Can shear wave elastography of the cervix be of use in predicting imminent cervical insufficiency and preterm birth?\u2014Preliminary results","volume":"45","author":"Zelesco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.3813","article-title":"Imaging of the cervix using sonoelastography","volume":"28","author":"Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. Off. J. Int. Soc. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12383","article-title":"Quantitative imaging of the cervix: Setting the bar","volume":"41","author":"Feltovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.02.038","article-title":"Challenging the in-vivo assessment of biomechanical properties of the uterine cervix: A critical analysis of ultrasound based quasi-static procedures","volume":"48","author":"Maurer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.11067","article-title":"Quantification of cervical elastography: A reproducibility study","volume":"39","author":"Molina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12344","article-title":"Evaluation of cervical stiffness during pregnancy using semiquantitative ultrasound elastography","volume":"41","author":"Hassan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12246","article-title":"Quantitative sonoelastography of the uterine cervix by interposition of a synthetic reference material","volume":"92","author":"Hee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4260","article-title":"In vivo assessment of the biomechanical properties of the uterine cervix in pregnancy","volume":"34","author":"Mazza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10396-016-0723-z","article-title":"Cervical elastography during pregnancy: A critical review of current approaches with a focus on controversies and limitations","volume":"43","author":"Fruscalzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.08.008","article-title":"Analysis of contrast in images generated with transient acoustic radiation force","volume":"32","author":"Nightingale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14663","article-title":"Changes in shear wave speed pre- and post-induction of labor: A feasibility study","volume":"46","author":"Carlson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. Off. J. Int. Soc. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.06.020","article-title":"Assessment of the Cervix in Pregnant Women Using Shear Wave Elastography: A Feasibility Study","volume":"41","author":"Muller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2014-0073","article-title":"Effect of depth on shear-wave elastography estimated in the internal and external cervical os during pregnancy","volume":"42","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.10.017","article-title":"Detection of Changes in Cervical Softness Using Shear Wave Speed in Early versus Late Pregnancy: An in Vivo Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"44","author":"Carlson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085016","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aab532","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of cervical softening during pregnancy in the Rhesus macaque with shear wave elasticity imaging","volume":"63","author":"Carlson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190030","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2019.0030","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of cervical softening during pregnancy with shear wave elasticity imaging: An in vivo longitudinal study","volume":"9","author":"Carlson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref_247","first-page":"395","article-title":"Transient Elastography to Assess the Cervical Ripening during Pregnancy: A Preliminary Study","volume":"38","author":"Peralta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2013-0277","article-title":"Cervical strain determined by ultrasound elastography and its association with spontaneous preterm delivery","volume":"42","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1707489","article-title":"Forced torsional oscillations of an elastic half-space. I","volume":"15","author":"Reissner","year":"1944","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133702","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3696300","article-title":"Shear wave induced resonance elastography of spherical masses with polarized torsional waves","volume":"100","author":"Schmitt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8161","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/60\/20\/8161","article-title":"Generation of remote adaptive torsional shear waves with an octagonal phased array to enhance displacements and reduce variability of shear wave speeds: Comparison with quasi-plane shear wavefronts","volume":"60","author":"Ouared","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.07.002","article-title":"Dispersion in Tissue-Mimicking Gels Measured with Shear Wave Elastography and Torsional Vibration Rheometry","volume":"45","author":"Yengul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2014.05.001","article-title":"Torsional ultrasonic transducer computational design optimization","volume":"54","author":"Melchor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mass\u00f3, P., Callejas, A., Melchor, J., Molina, F.S., and Rus, G. (2019). In Vivo Measurement of Cervical Elasticity on Pregnant Women by Torsional Wave Technique: A Preliminary Study. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19153249"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.06.014","article-title":"Beyond Cervical Length: A Pilot Study of Ultrasonic Attenuation for Early Detection of Preterm Birth Risk","volume":"41","author":"McFarlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021003","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3197847","article-title":"A study of the anisotropy and tension\/compression behavior of human cervical tissue","volume":"132","author":"Myers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3305-8","article-title":"In vivo high-resolution magnetic resonance elastography of the uterine corpus and cervix","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091017","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4043977","article-title":"Anisotropic Material Characterization of Human Cervix Tissue based on Indentation","volume":"141","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/8\/2379\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:45:11Z","timestamp":1760363111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/8\/2379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]},"references-count":258,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20082379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20082379","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]}}}