{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T09:31:03Z","timestamp":1761989463946,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Location-based routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) use location information to determine routing decisions. This information is provided by a location service that is queried by nodes in order to properly forward packets to communication partners. This paper presents the semiflooding location service, a proactive flooding-based location service that drastically reduces the number of update packets sent over the network compared to traditional flooding-based location services. This goal is achieved by each node partially forwarding location information. We present both deterministic and probabilistic approaches for this algorithm, which remains very simple. A mathematical model is proposed to show the effectiveness of this solution. The cases of homogeneous 1D, 2D, and 3D networks were studied for both deterministic and probabilistic forwarding decisions. We compare our algorithm with simple flooding and with the multipoint-relay (MPR) flooding of the optimized-link-state-routing (OLSR) protocol, and we show that our algorithm, despite being very simple, has excellent scalability properties. The mean number of generated messages ranges with the mean number of the neighbors of one random network node.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T02:10:52Z","timestamp":1587607852000},"page":"2389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Design and Evaluation of Flooding-Based Location Service in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5367-5093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"M\u00fchlethaler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EVA Project, Inria - Paris, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c9ric","family":"Renault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIGM, University Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, ESIEE Paris, 93160 Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selma","family":"Boumerdassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEDRIC\/ CNAM, 75003 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2440103","article-title":"Heterogeneous vehicular networking: A survey on architecture, challenges, and solutions","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2893067","article-title":"Advances in Position Based Routing Towards ITS Enabled FoG-Oriented VANET\u2013A Survey","volume":"21","author":"Ullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karp, B., and Kung, H.T. (2000, January 6\u201311). GPSR: Greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks. Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/345910.345953"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2828025","article-title":"ASGR: An Artificial Spider-Web-Based Geographic Routing in Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"100162","article-title":"Partial backwards routing protocol for VANETs","volume":"18","author":"Nebboua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veh Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2544751","article-title":"A survey on mobile anchor node assisted localization in wireless sensor networks","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5971","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2450742","article-title":"Review and comparison of spatial localization methods for low-power wireless sensor networks","volume":"15","author":"Iliev","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Jacquet, P., Laouiti, A., Minet, P., and Viennot, L. (2020, March 01). Performance Analysis of OLSR Multipoint Relay Flooding in Two Ad Hoc Wireless Network Models RR-4260, INRIA. 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Networks"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2009.2033079","article-title":"Region-based location service- management protocol for vanetsin","volume":"29","author":"Saleet","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, X.Y., Ye, X.M., Li, J., and Jiang, H. (2009, January 14\u201318). VLS: A Map-Based Vehicle Location Service for City Environments. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications ICC 2009, Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2009.5199568"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brahmi, N., Boussedjra, M., Mouzna, J., Cornelio, A.K.V., and Manohar, M.M. (2010, January 11\u201313). An improved map-based location service for vehicular ad hoc networks. 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(2016, January 3\u20136). VALS: Vehicle-aided location service in urban environment. Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Doha, Qatar.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2016.7565020"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/8\/2389\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:45:14Z","timestamp":1760363114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/8\/2389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20082389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20082389","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]}}}