{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T17:35:06Z","timestamp":1778175306735,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":272,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004055","name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SB171001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SB171001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional breast cancer detection techniques including X-ray mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound scanning suffer from shortcomings such as excessive cost, harmful radiation, and inconveniences to the patients. These challenges motivated researchers to investigate alternative methods including the use of microwaves. This article focuses on reviewing the background of microwave techniques for breast tumour detection. In particular, this study reviews the recent advancements in active microwave imaging, namely microwave tomography and radar-based techniques. The main objective of this paper is to provide researchers and physicians with an overview of the principles, techniques, and fundamental challenges associated with microwave imaging for breast cancer detection. Furthermore, this study aims to shed light on the fact that until today, there are very few commercially available and cost-effective microwave-based systems for breast cancer imaging or detection. This conclusion is not intended to imply the inefficacy of microwaves for breast cancer detection, but rather to encourage a healthy debate on why a commercially available system has yet to be made available despite almost 30 years of intensive research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T02:10:52Z","timestamp":1587607852000},"page":"2390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":208,"title":["Review of Microwaves Techniques for Breast Cancer Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Maged A.","family":"Aldhaeebi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Khawla","family":"Alzoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community College of Qatar, Doha 7344, Qatar"}]},{"given":"Thamer S.","family":"Almoneef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1634-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed M.","family":"Bamatraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6407-9251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9403-0029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar M.","family":"Ramahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Cancer Society (2020). Cancer Facts & Figures 2020, American Cancer Society. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/content\/dam\/cancer-org\/research\/cancer\\-facts-and-statistics\/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures\/2020\/cancer-facts-and-figures-2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2333031484","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of mammography, clinical examination, US, and MR imaging in preoperative assessment of breast cancer","volume":"233","author":"Berg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2012). Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening and Others\u2014The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: An independent review. Lancet, 380, 1778\u20131786.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61611-0"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15433-0","article-title":"Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays: Estimates for the UK and 14 other countries","volume":"363","author":"Darby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr970","article-title":"Radiation and breast cancer: A review of current evidence","volume":"7","author":"Ronckers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barh, D. (2014). Omics Approaches in Breast Cancer: Towards Next-Generation Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-0843-3"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.01.007","article-title":"The Practice of Breast Ultrasound: Techniques, Findings, Differential Diagnosis","volume":"36","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5054912","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5054912","article-title":"Recent advances in microwave imaging for breast cancer detection","volume":"2016","author":"Kwon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.220.1.r01jl3113","article-title":"MR imaging of the breast for the detection, diagnosis, and staging of breast cancer","volume":"220","author":"Orel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11867","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2936993","article-title":"Near-Field Microwave Loop Array Sensor for Breast Tumor Detection","volume":"19","author":"Aldhaeebi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERM19061303","article-title":"Electrically Small Magnetic Probe with PCA for Near-Field Microwave Breast Tumors Detection","volume":"48","author":"Aldhaeebi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res. M"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2011.942702","article-title":"Microwave imaging for breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Nikolova","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"76","article-title":"Dielectric properties of normal & malignant human breast tissues at radiowave & microwave frequencies","volume":"21","author":"Chaudhary","year":"1984","journal-title":"Indian J. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Pozar, D.M. (2009). Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/10.1374","article-title":"Dielectric properties of breast carcinoma and the surrounding tissues","volume":"35","author":"Surowiec","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/37\/1\/014","article-title":"Dielectric properties of female human breast tissue measured in vitro at 3.2 GHz","volume":"37","author":"Campbell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597312","article-title":"The measured electrical properties of normal and malignant human tissues from 50 to 900 MHz","volume":"21","author":"Joines","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BREA.0000032979.52773.fb","article-title":"Microwave detection of metastasized breast cancer cells in the lymph node; potential application for sentinel lymphadenectomy","volume":"86","author":"Choi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6093","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/20\/002","article-title":"A large-scale study of the ultra-wideband microwave dielectric properties of normal, benign and malignant breast tissues obtained from cancer surgeries","volume":"52","author":"Lazebnik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/30\/6\/S08","article-title":"The correlation of in vivo and ex vivo tissue dielectric properties to validate electromagnetic breast imaging: Initial clinical experience","volume":"30","author":"Halter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253702","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4885087","article-title":"Complex permittivities of breast tumour tissues obtained from cancer surgeries","volume":"104","author":"Sugitani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2015.1199","article-title":"0.5\u201350 GHz dielectric characterisation of breast cancer tissues","volume":"51","author":"Martellosio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2016.2631162","article-title":"Dielectric properties characterization from 0.5 to 50 GHz of breast cancer tissues","volume":"65","author":"Martellosio","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015020","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/aa59db","article-title":"Effect of logarithmic and linear frequency scales on parametric modelling of tissue dielectric data","volume":"3","author":"Salahuddin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meaney, P.M., Gregory, A.P., Epstein, N.R., and Paulsen, K.D. (2014). Microwave open-ended coaxial dielectric probe: Interpretation of the sensing volume re-visited. BMC Med. Phys., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6649-14-3"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5541","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2741026","article-title":"Investigation of histology region in dielectric measurements of heterogeneous tissues","volume":"65","author":"Porter","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salahuddin, S., La Gioia, A., Elahi, M.A., Porter, E., O\u2019Halloran, M., and Shahzad, A. (2017, January 11\u201315). Comparison of in-vivo and ex-vivo dielectric properties of biological tissues. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA), Verona, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEAA.2017.8065312"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.12605","article-title":"Dielectric properties for non-invasive detection of normal, benign, and malignant breast tissues using microwave theories","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41124-1","article-title":"Breast cancer cells exhibits specific dielectric signature in vitro using the open-ended coaxial probe technique from 200 MHz to 13.6 GHz","volume":"9","author":"Hussein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2809541","article-title":"Microwave breast imaging: Clinical advances and remaining challenges","volume":"65","author":"Moloney","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2010.05.020","article-title":"Broadband spectroscopy of the electromagnetic properties of aqueous ferrofluids for biomedical applications","volume":"322","author":"Bellizzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2012.2235454","article-title":"A Novel Measurement Technique for the Broadband Characterization of Diluted Water Ferrofluids for Biomedical Applications","volume":"49","author":"Bellizzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2753846","article-title":"Optimization of the Working Conditions for Magnetic Nanoparticle-Enhanced Microwave Diagnostics of Breast Cancer","volume":"65","author":"Bellizzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER09080604","article-title":"On Quantitative Microwave Tomography of Female Breast","volume":"97","author":"Catapano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/6668.990683","article-title":"Enhancing breast tumour detection with near-field imaging","volume":"3","author":"Fear","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Mag."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Larsen, L.E., and Jacobi, J.H. (1985). Medical Applications of Microwave Imaging, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, R.C., Mohr, J.J., and O\u2019Halloran, M. (2016). An Introduction to Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27866-7"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1109\/22.130978","article-title":"Microwave radiometric imaging at 3 GHz for the exploration of breast tumours","volume":"38","author":"Bocquet","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1051\/epjap:2000121","article-title":"Microwave radiometric imaging (MWI) for the characterisation of breast tumours","volume":"10","author":"Mouty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Wang, X., Xin, H., Bauer, D., and Witte, R. (2011, January 3\u20138). Microwave induced thermal acoustic imaging modeling for potential breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI), Spokane, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J., Zhao, Z., Wu, J., Zhu, X., Nie, Z., and Liu, Q.H. (2013, January 7\u201313). Thermo-acoustic imaging for different breast tissues in microwave induced thermo-acoustic tomography system. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2013.6711674"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1985.1143603","article-title":"Active microwave imaging of inhomogeneous bodies","volume":"33","author":"Pichot","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Chew, W. (1998). Imaging and inverse problems in electromagnetics. Advances in Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1109\/22.883861","article-title":"A clinical prototype for active microwave imaging of the breast","volume":"48","author":"Meaney","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2003.817634","article-title":"Microwave breast imaging: 3-D forward scattering simulation","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meaney, P.M., Fanning, M.W., di Florio-Alexander, R.M., Kaufman, P.A., Geimer, S.D., Zhou, T., and Paulsen, K.D. (September, January 31). Microwave tomography in the context of complex breast cancer imaging. Proceedings of the 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Buenos Aires, Argentina.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2010.5627932"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-010-9635-4","article-title":"Microwave tomography analysis system for breast tumour detection","volume":"36","author":"Kwon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2002.800759","article-title":"Confocal microwave imaging for breast cancer detection: Localization of tumours in three dimensions","volume":"49","author":"Fear","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Fear, E., Low, A., Sill, J., and Stuchly, M.A. (2002, January 16\u201321). Microwave system for breast tumour detection: Experimental concept evaluation. Proceedings of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, San Antonio, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2003.809624","article-title":"Conformal microwave imaging for breast cancer detection","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MP.2003.1180933","article-title":"Microwaves for breast cancer detection","volume":"22","author":"Fear","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Potentials"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1764609","article-title":"Parallel-detection microwave spectroscopy system for breast imaging","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1109\/10.464376","article-title":"An active microwave imaging system for reconstruction of 2-D electrical property distributions","volume":"42","author":"Meaney","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1109\/10.942596","article-title":"Computational modeling of three-dimensional microwave tomography of breast cancer","volume":"48","author":"Bulyshev","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"3021","article-title":"Microwave tomography: Review of the progress towards clinical applications","volume":"367","author":"Semenov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1109\/22.859490","article-title":"Two-dimensional computer analysis of a microwave flat antenna array for breast cancer tomography","volume":"48","author":"Souvorov","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1109\/22.883862","article-title":"Microwave detection of breast cancer","volume":"48","author":"Fear","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER05081802","article-title":"Active microwave imaging for breast cancer detection","volume":"58","author":"Bindu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1109\/10.52331","article-title":"Medical imaging with a microwave tomographic scanner","volume":"37","author":"Jofre","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1109\/42.913177","article-title":"Microwave image reconstruction utilizing log-magnitude and unwrapped phase to improve high-contrast object recovery","volume":"20","author":"Meaney","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noghanian, S., Sabouni, A., Desell, T., and Ashtari, A. (2014). Microwave Tomography: Global Optimization, Parallelization and Performance Evaluation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0752-6"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1109\/22.660979","article-title":"Microwave tomography: Theoretical and experimental investigation of the iteration reconstruction algorithm","volume":"46","author":"Semenov","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1413520","article-title":"A two-stage microwave image reconstruction procedure for improved internal feature extraction","volume":"28","author":"Meaney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Li, D., Meaney, P.M., Fanning, M., Fang, Q., Pendergrass, S.A., and Raynolds, T. (2002, January 7\u201310). Spectrum analysis of microwave breast examination data and reconstructed images. Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(02)01904-6","article-title":"Imaging of breast phantoms using a high-resolution position sensitive photomultiplier tube","volume":"497","author":"Giokaris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2004.832014","article-title":"Microwave image reconstruction of tissue property dispersion characteristics utilizing multiple-frequency information","volume":"52","author":"Fang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2012.2197218","article-title":"Fast 3-D tomographic microwave imaging for breast cancer detection","volume":"31","author":"Grzegorczyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.10.0109.0626","article-title":"Preclinical prototype development of a microwave tomography system for breast cancer detection","volume":"32","author":"Son","year":"2010","journal-title":"ETRI J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pagliari, D.J., Pulimeno, A., Vacca, M., Tobon, J.A., Vipiana, F., Casu, M.R., Solimene, R., and Carloni, L.P. (2015, January 22\u201324). A low-cost, fast, and accurate microwave imaging system for breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BioCAS.2015.7348444"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon, S.I., Kim, B.R., and Son, S.H. (2016, January 21\u201325). Clinical trial of Microwave Tomography imaging. Proceedings of the IEEE URSI Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (URSI AP-RASC), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/URSIAP-RASC.2016.7883562"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Bridges, J.E. (1998). Non-Invasive System for Breast Cancer Detection. (5,704,355), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1109\/10.730440","article-title":"Two-dimensional FDTD analysis of a pulsed microwave confocal system for breast cancer detection: Fixed-focus and antenna-array sensors","volume":"45","author":"Hagness","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/153303460500400110","article-title":"Microwave imaging of the breast","volume":"4","author":"Fear","year":"2005","journal-title":"Technol. Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1109\/7260.915627","article-title":"A confocal microwave imaging algorithm for breast cancer detection","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"5","article-title":"Microwave breast tumour detection: Simulation and design of experiments with tissue phantoms","volume":"49","author":"Porter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Masters Abstr. Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klemm, M., Craddock, I., Leendertz, J., Preece, A., and Benjamin, R. (2008, January 5\u201311). Experimental and clinical results of breast cancer detection using UWB microwave radar. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2008.4619673"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2010.0106","article-title":"Design and realisation of a microwave three-dimensional imaging system with application to breast-cancer detection","volume":"4","author":"Zhurbenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"IET Microw. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2013.2255884","article-title":"Microwave breast imaging with a monostatic radar-based system: A study of application to patients","volume":"61","author":"Fear","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kikkawa, T., Toya, A., Kubota, S., Hafiz, M., Azhari, A., and Sasaki, N. (2012, January 26\u201330). IR-UWB-CMOS circuits for breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 2012 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCAP.2012.6206411"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2247374","article-title":"Time-domain multistatic radar system for microwave breast screening","volume":"12","author":"Porter","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2013.0248","article-title":"Instantaneous microwave imaging with time-domain measurements for breast cancer detection","volume":"49","author":"Kwon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2015.2440565","article-title":"A time-domain microwave system for breast cancer detection using a flexible circuit board","volume":"64","author":"Santorelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2518489","article-title":"A Wearable Microwave Antenna Array for Time-Domain Breast Tumour Screening","volume":"35","author":"Porter","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2016.09.003","article-title":"Microwave breast cancer detection via cost-sensitive ensemble classifiers: Phantom and patient investigation","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2003.821052","article-title":"Three-dimensional nonlinear image reconstruction for microwave biomedical imaging","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2055059","article-title":"Application of the no-sampling linear sampling method to breast cancer detection","volume":"57","author":"Bozza","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2158544","article-title":"Microwave cancer imaging exploiting magnetic nanoparticles as contrast agent","volume":"58","author":"Bellizzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2012.2236676","article-title":"MNP enhanced microwave breast cancer imaging: Measurement constraints and achievable performances","volume":"11","author":"Bucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2012.2201083","article-title":"Wavelet-based adaptive multiresolution inversion for quantitative microwave imaging of breast tissues","volume":"60","author":"Scapaticci","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2293839","article-title":"An effective procedure for MNP-enhanced breast cancer microwave imaging","volume":"61","author":"Scapaticci","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER14080606","article-title":"Breast imaging using microwave tomography with radar-based tissue-regions estimation","volume":"149","author":"Baran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2381270","article-title":"Wavelet-based regularization for robust microwave imaging in medical applications","volume":"62","author":"Scapaticci","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2015.2490340","article-title":"A compressive sensing approach for 3D breast cancer microwave imaging with magnetic nanoparticles as contrast agent","volume":"35","author":"Bevacqua","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmeri, R., Bevacqua, M., Scapaticci, R., Morabito, A., Crocco, L., and Isernia, T. (2017, January 11\u201315). Biomedical imaging via wavelet-based regularization and distorted iterated virtual experiments. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA), Verona, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEAA.2017.8065534"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6002","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2751668","article-title":"High-resolution microwave breast imaging using a 3-D inverse scattering algorithm with a variable-strength spatial prior constraint","volume":"65","author":"Neira","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2679067","article-title":"Multiple-frequency DBIM-TwIST algorithm for microwave breast imaging","volume":"65","author":"Miao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2849648","article-title":"A Multithreshold Iterative DBIM-Based Algorithm for the Imaging of Heterogeneous Breast Tissues","volume":"66","author":"Ambrosanio","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bevacqua, M.T., Palmeri, R., and Scapaticci, R. (2019). Multiresolution Virtual Experiments for Microwave Imaging of Complex Scenarios. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8020153"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maffongelli, M., Poretti, S., Salvad\u00e8, A., Monleone, R.D., Meani, F., Fedeli, A., Pastorino, M., and Randazzo, A. (2015, January 7\u20139). Preliminary test of a prototype of microwave axial tomograph for medical applications. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA) Proceedings, Torino, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA.2015.7145170"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16332","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2737488","article-title":"Experimental framework for magnetic nanoparticles enhanced breast cancer microwave imaging","volume":"5","author":"Bucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maffongelli, M., Poretti, S., Salvad\u00e8, A., Monleone, R., Pagnamenta, C., Fedeli, A., Pastorino, M., and Randazzo, A. (2018, January 11\u201313). Design and experimental test of a microwave system for quantitative biomedical imaging. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA), Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA.2018.8438599"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2312030606","article-title":"Electromagnetic breast imaging: Average tissue property values in women with negative clinical findings","volume":"231","author":"Poplack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2432060286","article-title":"Electromagnetic breast imaging: Results of a pilot study in women with abnormal mammograms","volume":"243","author":"Poplack","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2006.10.016","article-title":"Initial clinical experience with microwave breast imaging in women with normal mammography","volume":"14","author":"Meaney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R35","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr3418","article-title":"Microwave imaging for neoadjuvant chemotherapy monitoring: Initial clinical experience","volume":"15","author":"Meaney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124704","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4901936","article-title":"3D parallel-detection microwave tomography for clinical breast imaging","volume":"85","author":"Epstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavoie, B.R., Okoniewski, M., and Fear, E.C. (2016). Estimating the effective permittivity for reconstructing accurate microwave-radar images. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160849"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1109\/TCI.2017.2756022","article-title":"An analysis of the assumptions inherent to near-field beamforming for biomedical applications","volume":"3","author":"Curtis","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurrant, D., Bourqui, J., and Fear, E. (2017). Surface estimation for microwave imaging. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071658"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2465867","article-title":"An early clinical study of time-domain microwave radar for breast health monitoring","volume":"63","author":"Porter","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henriksson, T., Klemm, M., Gibbins, D., Leendertz, J., Horseman, T., Preece, A., Benjamin, R., and Craddock, I. (2011, January 14\u201315). Clinical trials of a multistatic UWB radar for breast imaging. Proceedings of the November 2011 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference, Loughborough, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/LAPC.2011.6114004"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033502","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.3.3.033502","article-title":"MARIA M4: Clinical evaluation of a prototype ultra-wideband radar scanner for breast cancer detection","volume":"3","author":"Preece","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"Bannister, P. (2016, January 6). A novel microwave radar breast imaging system in a symptomatic breast clinic. Proceedings of the BSBR Breast Imaging Research Network Workshop, Manchester, UK."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Ridley, N., Shere, M.H., Lyburn, I., and Bannister, P. (2017, January 1\u20135). Cancer detection in dense tissue using radiofrequency imaging\u2014A clincial evaluation. Proceedings of the European Congress of Radiology, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuwahara, Y., Miura, S., Nishina, Y., Mukumoto, K., Ogura, H., and Sakahara, H. (2013, January 7\u201313). Clinical test of microwave mammography. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), Buena Vista, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2013.6711672"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuwahara, Y. (2017). Microwave imaging for early breast cancer detection. New Perspectives in Breast Imaging, Intechopen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.69562"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, F., Sun, L., Hu, Z., Wang, H., Pan, D., Wu, R., Zhang, X., Chen, Y., and Zhang, Q. (2017, January 9\u201314). A large-scale clinical trial of radar-based microwave breast imaging for Asian women: Phase I. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC\/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APUSNCURSINRSM.2017.8072433"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16617-6","article-title":"Detectability of breast tumour by a hand-held impulse-radar detector: Performance evaluation and pilot clinical study","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46974-3","article-title":"Machine Learning Approaches for Automated Lesion Detection in Microwave Breast Imaging Clinical Data","volume":"9","author":"Rana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"Hagness, S.C., Taflove, A., and Bridges, J.E. (November, January 30). FDTD analysis of a pulsed microwave confocal system for breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"PopoviC, M., Hagness, S.C., Taflove, A., and Bridges, J. (1998, January 21\u201326). 2-D FDTD study of fixed-focus elliptical reflector system for breast cancer detection: Frequency window for optimum operation. Proceedings of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1109\/75.808040","article-title":"Microwave system for breast tumour detection","volume":"9","author":"Fear","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Guided Wave Lett."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1109\/8.774131","article-title":"Three-dimensional FDTD analysis of a pulsed microwave confocal system for breast cancer detection: Design of an antenna-array element","volume":"47","author":"Hagness","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Fear, E., and Stuchly, M. (2000, January 23\u201328). Microwave detection of breast cancer: A study of tumour response variations. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"Fear, E., and Stuchly, M. (2001, January 8\u201313). Confocal microwave imaging for breast tumour detection: Comparison of immersion liquids. Proceedings of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"Davis, S.K., Li, X., Bond, E.J., Hagness, S.C., and Van Veen, B.D. (2002, January 6). Frequency-domain penalized least-squares beamformer design for early detection of breast cancer via microwave imaging. Proceedings of the IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop Proceedings, Rosslyn, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2003.808630","article-title":"Experimental feasibility study of confocal microwave imaging for breast tumour detection","volume":"51","author":"Fear","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2003.815446","article-title":"Microwave imaging via space-time beamforming for early detection of breast cancer","volume":"51","author":"Bond","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20031183","article-title":"Numerical investigation of breast tumour detection using multi-static radar","volume":"39","author":"Nilavalan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Shannon, C., Okoniewski, M., and Fear, E. (2003, January 22\u201327). A dielectric filled ultra-wideband antenna for breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Columbus, OH, USA."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1163\/156939303322235860","article-title":"Microwave imaging via space-time beamforming for early detection of breast cancer: Beamformer design in the frequency domain","volume":"17","author":"Davis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Waves Appl."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Oral, E., and Sahakian, A. (2004, January 1\u20135). 3-D microwave imaging of breast tumours with matched-filtering. Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (IEMBS\u201904), Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Shao, W., and Wang, G. (2004, January 10\u201313). UWB microwave imaging for early breast cancer detection: Effect of two synthetic antenna array configurations. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, The Hague, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2004.831985","article-title":"Modeling with the FDTD method for microwave breast cancer detection","volume":"52","author":"Kosmas","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2004.832686","article-title":"Microwave imaging via space-time beamforming: Experimental investigation of tumour detection in multilayer breast phantoms","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilavalan, R., Leendertz, J., Craddock, I., Preece, A., and Benjamin, R. (2004, January 20\u201325). Numerical analysis of microwave detection of breast tumours using synthetic focussing techniques. Proceedings of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Monterey, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2004.1331866"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2005.847528","article-title":"Ultrawideband microwave breast cancer detection: A detection-theoretic approach using the generalized likelihood ratio test","volume":"52","author":"Davis","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2005.850444","article-title":"Time reversal with the FDTD method for microwave breast cancer detection","volume":"53","author":"Kosmas","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"Craddock, I., Nilavalan, R., Leendertz, J., Preece, A., and Benjamin, R. (2005, January 3\u20138). Experimental investigation of real aperture synthetically organised radar for breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"350","article-title":"Microwave imaging via adaptive beamforming methods for breast cancer detection","volume":"1","author":"Guo","year":"2005","journal-title":"PIERS Online"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2005.1436217","article-title":"An overview of ultra-wideband microwave imaging via space-time beamforming for early-stage breast-cancer detection","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20056953","article-title":"Tissue sensing adaptive radar for breast cancer detection: Study of immersion liquids","volume":"41","author":"Sill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Nilavalan, R., Leendertz, J., Craddock, I., Benjamin, R., and Preece, A. (2005). Breast Tumour Detection Using a Flat 16 Element Array, EMC."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3312","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2005.857330","article-title":"Tissue sensing adaptive radar for breast cancer detection-Experimental investigation of simple tumour models","volume":"53","author":"Sill","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baang, S., Lee, Y.U., Park, C.Y., and Kim, J.D. (2006, January 17\u201318). Signal Modeling with Random Scatterers for Confocal Microwave Imaging. Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (IEEE-EMBS), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2005.1616749"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.21570","article-title":"Detection of dielectric contrast of breast tissues using confocal microwave technique","volume":"48","author":"Bindu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_147","unstructured":"Shao, W., Zhou, B., Zheng, Z., and Wang, G. (2006, January 17\u201318). UWB microwave imaging for breast tumour detection in inhomogeneous tissue. Proceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (IEEE-EMBS), Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091961","DOI":"10.1155\/ASP\/2006\/91961","article-title":"Novel multistatic adaptive microwave imaging methods for early breast cancer detection","volume":"2006","author":"Xie","year":"2006","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Appl. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"Bond, E.J., Van Veen, B.D., and Hagness, S.C. (2006, January 12\u201314). Multiple window based ultra-wideband microwave imaging for early-stage breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 2006 Fourth IEEE Workshop on Sensor Array and Multichannel Processing, Waltham, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Gunawan, E., Kim, Y., Low, K.S., Soh, C.B., and Thi, L.L. (September, January 30). UWB microwave breast cancer detection: Generalized models and performance prediction. Proceedings of the 2006 28th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS\u201906), New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.260757"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craddock, I., Preece, A., Leendertz, J., Klemm, M., Nilavalan, R., and Benjamin, R. (2006, January 6\u201311). Development of a hemi-spherical wideband antenna array for breast cancer imaging. Proceedings of the 2006 First European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Nice, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUCAP.2006.4584724"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2006.872670","article-title":"A matched-filter FDTD-based time reversal approach for microwave breast cancer detection","volume":"54","author":"Kosmas","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_153","unstructured":"Liu, W., Jafari, H., Hranilovic, S., and Deen, M. (June, January 29). Time domain analysis of UWB breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 2006 23rd Biennial Symposium on Communications, Kigston, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.878058","article-title":"Multistatic adaptive microwave imaging for early breast cancer detection","volume":"53","author":"Xie","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2006.871994","article-title":"FDTD-based time reversal for microwave breast cancer detection-localization in three dimensions","volume":"54","author":"Kosmas","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2006.876346","article-title":"Entropy-based time window for artifact removal in UWB imaging of breast cancer detection","volume":"13","author":"Zhi","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, X., Kubota, S., and Kikkawa, T. (2007, January 24\u201326). A method for quasi 3-dimensional imaging for early breast cancer detection by UWB. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband (ICUWB), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUWB.2007.4381014"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu, S.W., and Kishk, A.A. (2007, January 20\u201322). Adaptive Tuning Amplitude and Phase Estimation Method for Early Breast Cancer Detection. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Region 5 Technical Conference, Fayetteville, AR, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPSD.2007.4380315"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tayel, M., Ismail, N.E.D.H., and Ramadan, H.D. (2007, January 13\u201315). Confocal Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection Via Adaptive Beamforming. Proceedings of the Radio Science Conference (NRSC), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/NRSC.2007.371413"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, X., and Kikkawa, T. (2007, January 16\u201317). Extraction of calibration waveform for confocal microwave imaging for early breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications, Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/MAPE.2007.4393509"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2006.888432","article-title":"Pulse design for time reversal method as applied to ultra-wideband microwave breast cancer detection: A two-dimensional analysis","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abedin, M.J., and Mohan, A.S. (2007, January 11\u201314). UWB imaging for early breast cancer detection using time reversal MUSIC algorithm. Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/APMC.2007.4554537"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsdon, M., Leach, M., Skobelev, S., and Smith, D. (2007, January 16\u201317). Microwave holographic imaging of breast cancer. Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications, Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/MAPE.2007.4393791"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map:20060327","article-title":"Co-polarised and cross-polarised antenna arrays for breast, cancer detection","volume":"1","author":"Jafari","year":"2007","journal-title":"IET Microw. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_165","unstructured":"Jin, Y., Jiang, Y., and Moura, J.M. (October, January 16). Time reversal beamforming for microwave breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), San Antonio, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klemm, M., Craddock, I., Leendertz, J., Preece, A., and Benjamin, R. (2007, January 11\u201316). Breast cancer detection using symmetrical antenna array. Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Edinburgh, UK.","DOI":"10.1049\/ic.2007.1312"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuge, X., Hajian, M., Yarovoy, A., and Ligthart, L. (2007, January 10\u201312). Ultra-wideband imaging for detection of early-stage breast cancer. Proceedings of the European Radar Conference (EuRAD), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/EURAD.2007.4404931"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2008.919716","article-title":"Confocal microwave imaging for breast cancer detection: Delay-multiply-and-sum image reconstruction algorithm","volume":"55","author":"Lim","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craddock, I., Klemm, M., Leendertz, J., Preece, A., and Benjamin, R. (2008, January 17\u201318). Development and application of a UWB radar system for breast imaging. Proceedings of the Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference (LAPC), Loughborough, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/LAPC.2008.4516856"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubota, S., Xiao, X., Sasaki, N., Kimoto, K., Moriyama, W., and Kikkawa, T. (2008, January 5\u201311). Experimental confocal imaging for breast cancer detection using silicon on-chip UWB microantenna array. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (AP-S), San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2008.4619645"},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"Xiao, X., and Kikkawa, T. (2008, January 21\u201324). Study on the breast cancer detection by UWB microwave imaging. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT), Nanjing, China."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takaichi, S., Mase, A., Kogi, Y., Hojo, H., and Kim, K.W. (2008, January 16\u201320). Simulation study and experiment of breast cancer detection using an ultrashort-pulse radar. Proceedings of the IEEE Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Macau, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/APMC.2008.4957984"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2008.06.167","article-title":"Influence of the organism interface on the breast cancer detection by UWB","volume":"255","author":"Xiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761402","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/761402","article-title":"Improved delay-and-sum beamforming algorithm for breast cancer detection","volume":"2008","author":"Klemm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2008.928811","article-title":"Time-reversal ultra-wideband breast imaging: Pulse design criteria considering multiple tumours with unknown tissue properties","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.900564","article-title":"Breast tumour characterization based on ultra-wideband microwave backscatter","volume":"55","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_177","unstructured":"Jin, Y., Moura, J.M., Jiang, Y., Wahl, M., Zhu, H., and He, Q. (2008, January 14\u201317). Breast cancer detection by time reversal imaging. Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro (ISBI), Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2008.921136","article-title":"Effect of lesion morphology on microwave signature in 2-D ultra-wideband breast imaging","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klemm, M., Craddock, I., Preece, A., Leendertz, J., and Benjamin, R. (2008). Evaluation of a hemi-spherical wideband antenna array for breast cancer imaging. Radio Sci., 43.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007RS003807"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.901028","article-title":"Estimating the breast surface using UWB microwave monostatic backscatter measurements","volume":"55","author":"Winters","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2008.919661","article-title":"Active microwave imaging II: 3-D system prototype and image reconstruction from experimental data","volume":"56","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byrne, D., O\u2019Halloran, M., Jones, E., and Glavin, M. (2009, January 3\u20136). A comparison of data-independent microwave beamforming algorithms for the early detection of breast cancer. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5333344"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kouzaki, T., Kimoto, K., Kubota, S., Toya, A., Sasaki, N., and Kikkawa, T. (2009, January 9\u201311). Quasi Yagi-Uda antenna array for detecting targets in a dielectric substrate. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband (ICUWB), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUWB.2009.5288817"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Xiao, X., Fan, Z., and Yu, J. (2009, January 11\u201313). Study on the imaging resolution of ultra-wideband microwave imaging for breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (ICBBE), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBBE.2009.5163516"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, X., and Kikkawa, T. (2009, January 11\u201313). Early breast cancer detection with hemi-elliptical configuration by UWB imaging. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (ICBBE), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBBE.2009.5162673"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, F., and Mohan, A.S. (2009, January 7\u201310). Detection of malignant breast tissues using microwave imaging. Proceedings of the IEEE Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/APMC.2009.5384517"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2009.2022635","article-title":"Advances in the 3-D forward\u2013backward time-stepping (FBTS) inverse scattering technique for breast cancer detection","volume":"56","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khor, W.C., Bakar, A.A., and Bialkowski, M.E. (2009, January 7\u201310). Investigations into breast cancer detection using ultra wide band microwave radar technique. Proceedings of the IEEEAsia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/APMC.2009.5384238"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2009.2019856","article-title":"Radar-based breast cancer detection using a hemispherical antenna array\u2014Experimental results","volume":"57","author":"Klemm","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2008.2011914","article-title":"An improved technique to predict the time-of-arrival of a tumour response in radar-based breast imaging","volume":"56","author":"Kurrant","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, M., Pan, Q.f., and Tao, Z.f. (2009, January 8\u201312). Application of quantum genetic algorithm on breast tumour imaging with microwave. Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference Companion on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1570256.1570383"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sajjadieh, M., Foroozan, F., and Asif, A. (2009, January 14\u201315). Breast cancer detection using time reversal signal processing. Proceedings of the IEEE 13th International Multitopic Conference (INMIC), Islamabad, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/INMIC.2009.5383143"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"097001","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.49.097001","article-title":"Confocal imaging using ultra wideband antenna array on Si substrates for breast cancer detection","volume":"49","author":"Kubota","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, W., and Adams, R.S. (2010, January 11\u201317). UWB imaging with multi-polarized signals for early breast. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2010.5561898"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER10061001","article-title":"Data independent radar beamforming algorithms for breast cancer detection","volume":"107","author":"Byrne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deprez, J.F., Klemm, M., Smith, P.P., and Craddock, I. (2010, January 14\u201317). Twin target correction for ultra-wideband radar imaging of breast tumours. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2010.5490377"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER10090205","article-title":"Transmitter-grouping robust capon beamforming for breast cancer detection","volume":"108","author":"Byrne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2009.2016392","article-title":"Quasi-multistatic MIST beamforming for the early detection of breast cancer","volume":"57","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klemm, M., Leendertz, J., Gibbins, D., Craddock, I., Preece, A., and Benjamin, R. (2010, January 10\u201314). Towards contrast enhanced breast imaging using ultra-wideband microwave radar system. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS), New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RWS.2010.5434240"},{"key":"ref_200","unstructured":"Sarafianou, M., Gibbins, D., Craddock, I., Klemm, M., Leendertz, J., Preece, A., and Benjamin, R. (2010, January 12\u201316). Breast surface reconstruction algorithm for a multi-static radar-based breast imaging system. Proceedings of the 2010 Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2010.2048860","article-title":"Microwave radar-based differential breast cancer imaging: Imaging in homogeneous breast phantoms and low contrast scenarios","volume":"58","author":"Klemm","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074009","DOI":"10.1088\/0266-5611\/26\/7\/074009","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced microwave imaging of breast tumours: A computational study using 3D realistic numerical phantoms","volume":"26","author":"Shea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inverse Probl."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2010.2050423","article-title":"Breast lesion classification using ultra-wideband early time breast lesion response","volume":"58","author":"Teo","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_204","unstructured":"Bialkowski, M., Abbosh, A., Wang, Y., Ireland, D., Bakar, A.A., and Mohammed, B. (2011, January 5\u20138). Microwave imaging systems employing cylindrical, hemispherical and planar arrays of ultra-wideband antennas. Proceedings of the 2011 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings (APMC), Melbourne, VIC, USA."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Halloran, M., Glavin, M., and Jones, E. (2011, January 13\u201320). Improved Confocal Microwave Imaging of the breast using path-dependent signal weighting. Proceedings of the 2011 URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/URSIGASS.2011.6051375"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Xiao, X., and Liu, X. (2011, January 30\u201331). Ultra-wideband microwave image reconstruction by robust capon beamforming algorithm for early breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering (CASE), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCASE.2011.5997660"},{"key":"ref_207","unstructured":"Shao, W., and Adams, R.S. (2011, January 3\u20138). UWB microwave imaging for early breast cancer detection: A novel confocal imaging algorithm. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI), Spokane, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_208","unstructured":"Zhang, D., and Mase, A. (2011, January 5\u20138). Radar-based breast cancer detection experiment with synthetic breast phantom using model subtraction method. Proceedings of the 2011 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings (APMC), Melbourne, VIC, USA."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERM11040903","article-title":"A three-dimensional time domain microwave imaging method for breast cancer detection based on an evolutionary algorithm","volume":"18","author":"Donelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res. M"},{"key":"ref_210","unstructured":"Fumeaux, C., Klemm, M., and Baumann, D. (2011, January 5\u20138). Large-scale transient simulations of breast cancer tumour\u2019s reflections using a 31-element conformal array. Proceedings of the 2011 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proceedings (APMC), Melbourne, VIC, USA."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golnabi, A.H., Meaney, P.M., Epstein, N.R., and Paulsen, K.D. (September, January 30). Microwave imaging for breast cancer detection: Advances in three-Dimensional image reconstruction. Proceedings of the 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2011.6091418"},{"key":"ref_212","unstructured":"Klemm, M., Gibbins, D., Leendertz, J., Horseman, T., Preece, A., Benjamin, R., and Craddock, I. (2011, January 11\u201315). Development and testing of a 60-element UWB conformal array for breast cancer imaging. Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sajjadieh, M.H., and Asif, A. (2011, January 8\u201311). Unsupervised time reversal based microwave imaging for breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 2011 24th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), Niagara Falls, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCECE.2011.6030695"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarafianou, M., Gibbins, D., and Craddock, I. (2011, January 14\u201315). A novel 3-D breast surface reconstruction algorithm for a multi-static radar-based breast imaging system. Proceedings of the 2011 Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference (LAPC), Loughborough, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/LAPC.2011.6114135"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114016","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/22\/11\/114016","article-title":"Early stage breast cancer detection by means of time-domain ultra-wide band sensing","volume":"22","author":"Zanoon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2011.2164174","article-title":"Accuracy evaluation of ultra-wideband time domain systems for microwave imaging","volume":"59","author":"Zeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padhi, S., Mase, A., Ito, N., and Zhang, D. (2012, January 2\u20137). Experimental performance of compact UWB antenna for breast cancer screening. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA), Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEAA.2012.6328677"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaheen, A.M.A., and Quboa, K.M. (2012, January 20\u201322). Breast cancer detection using UWB-confocal imaging techniques with halved averaging algorithm. Proceedings of the 2012 20th IEEE Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR), Belgrade, Serbia.","DOI":"10.1109\/TELFOR.2012.6419290"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Abbosh, A., and Henin, B. (2012, January 20\u201322). Microwave breast imaging sensor using compact and directive antenna with fixed mainbeam direction. Proceedings of the 2012 Cairo International IEEE Biomedical Engineering Conference (CIBEC), Giza, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIBEC.2012.6473308"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2012.2627","article-title":"Modelling complex electromagnetic sources for microwave imaging systems with wave field synthesis technique","volume":"48","author":"Donelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_221","unstructured":"Hossain, M.D., and Mohan, A.S. (November, January 29). Breast cancer localization in three dimensions using time reversal DORT method. Proceedings of the 2012 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), Nagoys, Japan."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, L.W., Yuanjin, Z., Zhiping, L., Shengxi, D., and Yuan, G. (2012, January 21\u201323). MIMO ultra-wideband system for breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Radio-Frequency Integration Technology (RFIT), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/RFIT.2012.6401641"},{"key":"ref_223","unstructured":"Mohan, A.S., Hossain, M.D., and Abedin, M.J. (2012, January 8\u201314). Beamspace based time reversal processing for breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2255858","article-title":"Prefiltered beamforming for early-stage breast cancer detection","volume":"12","author":"Shahzad","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2270933","article-title":"A Compact 4x4 Planar UWB Antenna Array for 3-D Breast Cancer Detection","volume":"12","author":"Sugitani","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcm.2012.11.016","article-title":"Ultra-wide band microwave image reconstruction for early breast cancer detection by norm constrained capon beamforming","volume":"58","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model."},{"key":"ref_227","unstructured":"Sugitani, T., Kubota, S., Hafiz, M., Toya, A., and Kikkawa, T. (2013, January 20\u201324). A breast cancer detection system using 198 ps Gaussian monocycle pulse CMOS transmitter and UWB antenna array. Proceedings of the 2013 URSI International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory (EMTS), Hiroshima, Japan."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2013.2247052","article-title":"An integrated microwave imaging radar with planar antennas for breast cancer detection","volume":"61","author":"Bassi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2247018","article-title":"Beamspace time-reversal microwave imaging for breast cancer detection","volume":"12","author":"Hossain","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2013.2250993","article-title":"Defining regions of interest for microwave imaging using near-field reflection data","volume":"61","author":"Kurrant","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.20694","article-title":"RF breast cancer detection employing a noncharacterized vivaldi antenna and a MUSIC-inspired algorithm","volume":"23","author":"Ruvio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. RF Microw. Comput.-Aided Eng."},{"key":"ref_232","unstructured":"Sarafianou, M., Craddock, I., Henriksson, T., Klemm, M., Gibbins, D., Preece, A., Leendertz, J., and Benjamin, R. (2013, January 8\u201312). MUSIC processing for permittivity estimation in a Delay-and-Sum imaging system. Proceedings of the 2013 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5343","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2013.2271494","article-title":"Towards enhancing skin reflection removal and image focusing using a 3-D breast surface reconstruction algorithm","volume":"61","author":"Sarafianou","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094101","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/22\/9\/094101","article-title":"A double constrained robust capon beamforming based imaging method for early breast cancer detection","volume":"22","author":"Xia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2014.2298975","article-title":"Hybrid artifact removal for confocal microwave breast imaging","volume":"13","author":"Elahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kikkawa, T., Toya, A., and Xiao, X. (2014, January 28\u201330). CMOS equivalent time sampling circuit for breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 2014 12th IEEE International Conference on Solid-State and Integrated Circuit Technology (ICSICT), Guilin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSICT.2014.7021347"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04EL03","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.53.04EL03","article-title":"Three-dimensional confocal imaging for breast cancer detection using CMOS Gaussian monocycle pulse transmitter and 4 \u00d7 4 ultra wideband antenna array with impedance matching layer","volume":"53","author":"Sugitani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahrami, H., Porter, E., Santorelli, A., Gosselin, B., Popovic, M., and Rusch, L. (2014, January 26\u201330). Flexible sixteen monopole antenna array for microwave breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2014.6944445"},{"key":"ref_239","first-page":"943549","article-title":"Microwave radar imaging of heterogeneous breast tissue integrating a priori information","volume":"2014","author":"Moll","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_240","unstructured":"\u00dcnal, \u0130., T\u00fcretken, B., and Canbay, C. (2014). Spherical Conformal Bow-Tie Antenna for Ultra-Wide Band Microwave Imaging of Breast Cancer Tumour. Appl. Comput. Electromagn. Soc. J., 29."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2014.0735","article-title":"Ultra wideband compact near-field imaging system for breast cancer detection","volume":"9","author":"Jalilvand","year":"2015","journal-title":"IET Microw. Antennas Propag. July"},{"key":"ref_242","unstructured":"Kikkawa, T., Azhari, A., Hashimoto, K., Seo, Y., Kohno, H., Wang, M., Xiao, X., Toya, A., Masui, Y., and Somei, J. (2015, January 12\u201317). Digital confocal imaging of breast cancer using UWB-CMOS integrated circuits. Proceedings of the 2015 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kono, H., Sugitani, T., Xiao, X., Aritome, K., Miyake, R., and Kikkawa, T. (2015, January 19\u201324). Confocal imaging of breast tumour phantom using 3-D-printed breast phantom. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC\/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2015.7304651"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2496101","article-title":"A radar-based breast cancer detection system using CMOS integrated circuits","volume":"3","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, X., Li, Q., and Wang, L. (2015, January 6\u20139). Early breast cancer detection via UWB based on MRI-derived model. Proceedings of the 2015 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/APMC.2015.7413085"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H., Xiao, X., Wang, Z., and Kikkawa, T. (2015, January 19\u201324). UWB microwave breast cancer detection with MRI-derived 3-D realistic numerical breast model. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC\/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2015.7304658"},{"key":"ref_247","unstructured":"Elahi, M., Shahzad, A., Glavin, M., Jones, E., and O\u2019Halloran, M. (2015, January 12\u201317). GPU accelerated confocal microwave imaging algorithms for breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 2015 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_248","unstructured":"Bahramiabarghouei, H., Porter, E., Santorelli, A., Gosselin, B., Popovi\u0107, M., and Rusch, L.A. (2015, January 12\u201317). Flexible 16 antenna array for microwave breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 2015 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2015.2398125","article-title":"Time-domain wideband adaptive beamforming for radar breast imaging","volume":"63","author":"Byrne","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_250","unstructured":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, R.C., Byrne, D., Ghavami, N., Smith, P.P., and Craddock, I. (2015, January 12\u201317). Spectral filtering in phase delay beamforming for multistatic UWB breast cancer imaging. Proceedings of the 2015 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M., and Chatteqee, D. (2015, January 18\u201321). UWB microwave sensor array characterization for early detection of breast cancer. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Applied Electromagnetics Conference (AEMC), Guwahati, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/AEMC.2015.7509211"},{"key":"ref_252","first-page":"723","article-title":"Microwave Imaging Technique Using UWB Signal For Breast Cancer Detection","volume":"10","author":"Salleh","year":"2015","journal-title":"ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2015.2481940","article-title":"Direct extraction of tumour response based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition for image reconstruction of early breast cancer detection by UWB","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2393256","article-title":"A robust and artifact resistant algorithm of ultra-wideband imaging system for breast cancer detection","volume":"62","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Loughlin, D., Krewer, F., Glavin, M., Jones, E., and O\u2019Halloran, M. (2016, January 10\u201315). Estimating average dielectric properties for microwave breast imaging using focal quality metrics. Proceedings of the 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Davos, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCAP.2016.7481766"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H., Kubota, S., Xiao, X., and Kikkawa, T. (2016, January 19\u201323). Design of UWB antennas for breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA), Cairns, QLD, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEAA.2016.7731386"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina, Y., Augusto, M., and Paz, A.V. (2016, January 19\u201321). Microwave imaging for breast cancer detection: Experimental comparison of Confocal and Holography algorithms. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE ANDESCON, Arequipa, Peru.","DOI":"10.1109\/ANDESCON.2016.7836226"},{"key":"ref_258","unstructured":"Song, H., Kono, H., Seo, Y., Azhari, A., Xiao, X., and Kikkawa, T. (2016, January 24\u201328). Confocal imaging by turning antennas with CMOS integrated circuits for breast cancer detection. Proceedings of the 2016 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), Okinawa, Japan."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2512260","article-title":"Differential microwave imaging of the breast pair","volume":"15","author":"Abbosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.29613","article-title":"UWB patch antenna and breast mimicking phantom design and implementation for microwave breast cancer detection using TIME REVERSAL MUSIC","volume":"58","author":"Bah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2015.3613","article-title":"Image enhancement with Gaussian filtering in time-domain microwave imaging system for breast cancer detection","volume":"52","author":"Kwon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Santorelli, A., and Coates, M. (2016, January 10\u201315). Comparison of microwave breast cancer detection results with breast phantom data and clinical trial data: Varying the number of antennas. Proceedings of the 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Davos, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCAP.2016.7481969"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mozaffarzadeh, M., Mahloojifar, A., and Orooji, M. (2017, January 2\u20134). Image enhancement and noise reduction using modified Delay-Multiply-and-Sum beamformer: Application to medical photoacoustic imaging. Proceedings of the 2017 Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), Tehran, Iran.","DOI":"10.1109\/IranianCEE.2017.7985131"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2017.06.072","article-title":"A feasibility study of elastography based confocal microwave imaging technique for breast cancer detection","volume":"144","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21098","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.21098","article-title":"Breast cancer detection using K-nearest neighbors data mining method obtained from the bow-tie antenna dataset","volume":"27","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. RF Microw. Comput.-Aided Eng."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2536703","article-title":"Compound radar approach for breast imaging","volume":"64","author":"Byrne","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2017.02.003","article-title":"Performance of leading artifact removal algorithms assessed across microwave breast imaging prototype scan configurations","volume":"58","author":"Elahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Med. Imaging Graph."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2017.01.006","article-title":"Adaptive artifact removal for selective multistatic microwave breast imaging signals","volume":"34","author":"Elahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_269","unstructured":"KaramFard, S.S., and Asl, B.M. (2017, January 2\u20134). 2-stage Delay-Multiply-And-Sum beamforming for breast cancer detection using Microwave Imaging. Proceedings of the 2017 Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), Tehran, Iran."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1109\/TCI.2017.2737947","article-title":"Cancer Detection in Highly Dense Breasts using Coherently Focused Time Reversal Microwave Imaging","volume":"3","author":"Hossain","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kranold, L., Hazarika, P., and Popovi\u0107, M. (2017, January 19\u201324). Investigation of antenna array configurations for dispersive breast models. Proceedings of the 2017 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP.2017.7928809"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2673961","article-title":"An Active Microwave Sensor for Near Field Imaging","volume":"17","author":"Mirza","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/8\/2390\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:23:31Z","timestamp":1760361811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/8\/2390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]},"references-count":272,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s20082390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20082390","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]}}}