{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T06:55:44Z","timestamp":1768200944881,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19K20251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K20251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED)","award":["102.01-2019.302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102.01-2019.302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with holes, designing efficient routing protocols, which prolong the network lifetime, is one of the most critical issues. To this end, this paper proposes a new geographic routing protocol for WSNs named the load Balanced and constant Stretch protocol for bypassing Multiple Holes (i.e., BSMH). In contrast to the existing works in the literature, the design of BSMH simultaneously takes into account the three factors that impacted the network lifetime, including routing path length, control packet overhead, and load balance among the nodes. Moreover, BSMH aims at minimizing the routing path length and the control overhead, while maximizing the load balance. We theoretically prove the efficiency of BSMH and extensively evaluate BSMH against the state-of-the-art protocols. The evaluation results show that the proposed protocol outperforms the others in various investigated metrics, not only network lifetime, but also routing path stretch, load balance, and control overhead. Specifically, BSMH prolongs the network lifetime by     30 %     compared to the existing protocols while guaranteeing that the routing path stretch is under     1.3    .<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T01:29:15Z","timestamp":1588123755000},"page":"2506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Path-Length Efficient, Low-Overhead, Load-Balanced Routing Protocol for Maximum Network Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks with Holes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6547-7641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phi Le","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet Road, Ha Noi 11615, Vietnam"}]},{"given":"Thanh Hung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet Road, Ha Noi 11615, Vietnam"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0400-3084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kien","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.09.015","article-title":"Trust-based Secure Clustering in WSN-based Intelligent Transportation Systems","volume":"146","author":"Gaber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. 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