{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T20:27:58Z","timestamp":1775852878381,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most wearable intelligent biomedical sensors are battery-powered. The batteries are large and relatively heavy, adding to the volume of wearable sensors, especially when implanted. In addition, the batteries have limited capacity, requiring periodic charging, as well as a limited life, requiring potentially invasive replacement. This paper aims to design and implement a prototype energy harvesting technique based on wireless power transfer\/magnetic resonator coupling (WPT\/MRC) to overcome the battery power problem by supplying adequate power for a heart rate sensor. We optimized transfer power and efficiency at different distances between transmitter and receiver coils. The proposed MRC consists of three units: power, measurement, and monitoring. The power unit included transmitter and receiver coils. The measurement unit consisted of an Arduino Nano microcontroller, a heart rate sensor, and used the nRF24L01 wireless protocol. The experimental monitoring unit was supported by a laptop to monitor the heart rate measurement in real-time. Three coil topologies: spiral\u2013spiral, spider\u2013spider, and spiral\u2013spider were implemented for testing. These topologies were examined to explore which would be the best for the application by providing the highest transfer power and efficiency. The spiral\u2013spider topology achieved the highest transfer power and efficiency with 10 W at 87%, respectively over a 5 cm air gap between transmitter and receiver coils when a 200 \u2126 resistive load was considered. Whereas, the spider\u2013spider topology accomplished 7 W and 93% transfer power and efficiency at the same airgap and resistive load. The proposed topologies were superior to previous studies in terms of transfer power, efficiency and distance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T14:00:43Z","timestamp":1588600843000},"page":"2549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Hybrid Coils-Based Wireless Power Transfer for Intelligent Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mustafa F.","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saleem Lateef","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9071-1775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadik Kamel","family":"Gharghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8840-9235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Al-Naji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10001, Iraq"},{"name":"School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6496-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javaan","family":"Chahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia"},{"name":"Joint and Operations Analysis Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710874115","article-title":"Biodegradable piezoelectric force sensor","volume":"115","author":"Curry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. 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