{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:47:05Z","timestamp":1778586425289,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]],"date-time":"2020-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11772053; 11727801; 11402023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11772053; 11727801; 11402023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the opening projects from the State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics","award":["LED2016B02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LED2016B02"]}]},{"name":"the Pre-research Joint Fund of Aerospace Science and Technology","award":["6141B06210202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6141B06210202"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFF0300800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFF0300800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital cameras represented by industrial cameras are widely used as image acquisition sensors in the field of image-based mechanics measurement, and their thermal effect inevitably induces thermal-induced errors of the mechanics measurement. To deeply understand the errors, the research for digital camera\u2019s thermal effect is necessary. This study systematically investigated the heat transfer processes and temperature characteristics of a working digital camera. Concretely, based on the temperature distribution of a typical working digital camera, the heat transfer of the working digital camera was investigated, and a model describing the temperature variation and distribution was presented and verified experimentally. With this model, the thermal equilibrium time and thermal equilibrium temperature of the camera system were calculated. Then, the influences of thermal parameters of digital camera and environmental temperature on the temperature characteristics of working digital camera were simulated and experimentally investigated. The theory analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the presented model can accurately describe the temperature characteristics and further calculate the thermal equilibrium state of working digital camera, all of which contribute to guiding mechanics measurement and thermal design based on such camera sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T14:00:43Z","timestamp":1588600843000},"page":"2561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Heat Transfer and Temperature Characteristics of a Working Digital Camera"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0949-6773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shichao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haibin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flexible Optical Measurement Technology Center, Institute of Flexible Electronic Technology of THU, Jiaxing 314006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2792-8389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinwei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaopeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Naval Architecture, Ocean &amp; Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Suhir, E. 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