{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T07:08:52Z","timestamp":1774076932041,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The assessment of trunk sway smoothness using an accelerometer sensor embedded in a smartphone could be a biomarker for tracking motor learning. This study aimed to determine the reliability of trunk sway smoothness and the effect of visual biofeedback of sway smoothness on motor learning in healthy people during unipedal stance training using an iPhone 5 measurement system. In the first experiment, trunk sway smoothness in the reliability group (n = 11) was assessed on two days, separated by one week. In the second, the biofeedback group (n = 12) and no-biofeedback group (n = 12) were compared during 7 days of unipedal stance test training and one more day of retention (without biofeedback). The intraclass correlation coefficient score 0.98 (0.93\u20130.99) showed that this method has excellent test\u2013retest reliability. Based on the power law of practice, the biofeedback group showed greater improvement during training days (p = 0.003). Two-way mixed analysis of variance indicates a significant difference between groups (p &lt; 0.001) and between days (p &lt; 0.001), as well as significant interaction (p &lt; 0.001). Post hoc analysis shows better performance in the biofeedback group from training days 2 and 7, as well as on the retention day (p &lt; 0.001). Motor learning objectification through visual biofeedback of trunk sway smoothness enhances postural control learning and is useful and reliable for assessing motor learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T14:00:43Z","timestamp":1588600843000},"page":"2585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impact of Visual Biofeedback of Trunk Sway Smoothness on Motor Learning during Unipedal Stance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3835-3368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Cruz-Montecinos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile"},{"name":"Biomechanics and Kinesiology Laboratory, Hospital San Jos\u00e9, 8380419 Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8880-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Cuesta-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Heath Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga  (IBIMA), 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"School of Clinical Science, Faculty of Health Science, Queensland University Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dante","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ellsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"De la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Kinesiolog\u00eda, Departamento de Cs. de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica, 7820436 Santiago, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio LIBFE, Escuela de Kinesiolog\u00eda, Universidad de los Andes, 7620086 Santiago, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Salud Deportiva, Cl\u00ednica Santa Mar\u00eda, 7520378 Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Calatayud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8157-4086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Rivera-Lillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile"},{"name":"Neuroscience Department, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile"},{"name":"Research and Development Unit, Cl\u00ednica Los Coihues, 9190025 Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0015-5219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Soto-Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Roberto del R\u00edo, 8380418 Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile"},{"name":"Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Chile INACAP, Escuela Salud, 8340536 Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5925-4537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mass\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Movement Analysis Group (HuMAG), University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Schmidt, R.A., and Wrisberg, C.A. 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