{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T17:08:26Z","timestamp":1783789706805,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,3]],"date-time":"2020-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In a smoke environment, suspended particles can scatter and absorb laser photons, making target echo signals extremely weak and difficult to extract and identify, which causes obvious difficulty in fixed-distance of laser fuze. In this paper, the multiple scattering model of frequency-modulated-continuous-wave (FMCW) laser fuze in a smoke environment was established. This model simulates multi-path propagation and multiple scattering of photons. At the same time, we use the correntropy spectral density (CSD) algorithm for accurate fixed-distance of FMCW laser fuze. The absolute error of distance does not exceed 0.15 m in smoke interference environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T14:00:43Z","timestamp":1588600843000},"page":"2604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["FMCW Laser Fuze Multiple Scattering Model and Accurate Fixed-Distance Algorithm in a Smoke Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8524-9291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengtian","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bohu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Arora, V. 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