{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T16:39:45Z","timestamp":1771519185236,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) Malaysia.","award":["AKU-95 HICoE MEMS for Artificial Kidney"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AKU-95 HICoE MEMS for Artificial Kidney"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), which can be congenital or acquired, results from the failure of the kidney to respond to the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). This will lead to excessive water loss from the body in the form of urine. The kidney, therefore, has a crucial role in maintaining water balance and it is vital to restore this function in an artificial kidney. Herein, an ultrasensitive and highly selective aptameric graphene-based field-effect transistor (GFET) sensor for ADH detection was developed by directly immobilizing ADH-specific aptamer on a surface-modified suspended graphene channel. This direct immobilization of aptamer on the graphene surface is an attempt to mimic the functionality of collecting tube      V 2      receptors in the ADH biosensor. This aptamer was then used as a probe to capture ADH peptide at the sensing area which leads to changes in the concentration of charge carriers in the graphene channel. The biosensor shows a significant increment in the relative change of current ratio from 5.76 to 22.60 with the increase of ADH concentration ranging from 10 ag\/mL to 1 pg\/mL. The ADH biosensor thus exhibits a sensitivity of 50.00 \u00b5A\u00b7       (  g \/ mL  )    \u2212 1       with a limit of detection as low as 3.55 ag\/mL. In specificity analysis, the ADH biosensor demonstrated a higher current value which is 338.64 \u00b5A for ADH-spiked in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 557.89 \u00b5A for ADH-spiked in human serum in comparison with other biomolecules tested. This experimental evidence shows that the ADH biosensor is ultrasensitive and highly selective towards ADH in PBS buffer and ADH-spiked in human serum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T03:10:38Z","timestamp":1588821038000},"page":"2642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Ultrasensitive and Highly Selective Graphene-Based Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor for Anti-Diuretic Hormone Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3843-2784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reena Sri","family":"Selvarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Ruslinda A.","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanoelectronic Engineering (INEE), University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Burhanuddin Yeop","family":"Majlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Subash C. B.","family":"Gopinath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanoelectronic Engineering (INEE), University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8916-4420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azrul Azlan","family":"Hamzah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verbalis, J.G. (2010). Vasopressin receptors. 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