{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:17:47Z","timestamp":1770833867695,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIR.04.01.01-00-0038\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.04.01.01-00-0038\/17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents the use of a sensor with fiber Bragg grating along with an interrogation system used for monitoring the overhead lines\u2019 wire elongation. The possible interrogation methods based on adjusted filters were considered. In the experimental part, three types of fiber Bragg grating pairs, characterized by a small shift in spectra in pairs and gratings with exact matching, were examined. The study showed that, by choosing the appropriate mechanical parameters of the elongation transformer with the optical parameters of the sensor and dedicated filter, the optomechanical system can be adjusted to the required range of overhead line wire sag observation. The range of sag depends on the distance between the poles, the wire type, and its real length in the span, which effectively determines the sag.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T03:10:38Z","timestamp":1588821038000},"page":"2652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Overhead Transmission Line Sag Estimation Using the Simple Opto-Mechanical System with Fiber Bragg Gratings\u2014Part 2: Interrogation System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Skorupski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Harasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patryk","family":"Panas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3986-2690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Ci\u0119szczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Kisa\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1747-6235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Kacejko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Power Systems, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janusz","family":"Mroczka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic and Photonic Metrology, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-317 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4541-2987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Wydra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Power Systems, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2478\/v10178-012-0003-1","article-title":"Variable-frequency Prony method in the analysis of electrical power quality","volume":"19","author":"Zygarlicki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metrol. Meas. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2008.919312","article-title":"STLS algorithm for power-quality indices estimation","volume":"23","author":"Terzija","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2014.2376275","article-title":"Key considerations for the selection of dynamic thermal line rating systems","volume":"30","author":"Black","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3311\/PPee.8585","article-title":"The Contribution of Conductor Temperature and Sag Monitoring to Increased Ampacities of Overhead Lines (OHLs)","volume":"59","author":"Gubeljak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Conductor Working Group P738 (2013). IEEE 738-2012 Standard for Calculating the Current-Temperature Relationship of Bare Overhead Conductors\u2014Corrigendum 1, IEEE Standards Association."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"CIGRE Working Group 22.12 (2002). Thermal Behaviour of Overhead Conductors, CIGRE- International Council on Large Electric Systems, 21 RUE D\u2019ARTOIS."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2008.926093","article-title":"Mechanical State Estimation for Overhead Transmission Lines with Level Spans","volume":"23","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wydra, M., Kubaczynski, P., Mazur, K., and Ksiezopolski, B. (2019). Time-Aware Monitoring of Overhead Transmission Line Sag and Temperature with LoRa Communication. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12030505"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"417","article-title":"Properties of a fibre optic strain sensor in the configuration of a Mach-Zehnder modal interferometer with a polarization maintaining photonic crystal fibre","volume":"25","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metrol. Meas. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"429","article-title":"Rotation and twist measurement using tilted fibre Bragg gratings","volume":"25","author":"Skorupski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metrol. Meas. Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4445","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.004445","article-title":"Twisted tilted fiber Bragg gratings: New structures and polarization properties","volume":"43","author":"Mroczka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.24425\/123899","article-title":"A novel fibre Bragg grating curvature sensor for structure deformation monitoring","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metrol. Meas. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29922","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.029922","article-title":"Temperature-insensitive simultaneous rotation and displacement (bending) sensor based on tilted fiber Bragg grating","volume":"24","author":"Harasim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2019.01.004","article-title":"A fast interrogation system of FBG sensors based on low loss jammed-array wideband sawtooth filter","volume":"48","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2019.01.006","article-title":"A highly precise FBG sensor interrogation system with wavemeter calibration","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2019.05.025","article-title":"Chirped fiber Bragg grating coupled with a light emitting diode as FBG interrogator","volume":"122","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2008.11.018","article-title":"Original interrogation system for quasi-distributed FBG-based temperature sensor with fast demodulation technique","volume":"150","author":"Crunelle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2008.02.034","article-title":"Investigation of PZT driven tunable optical filter nonlinearity using FBG optical fiber sensing system","volume":"281","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2004.834849","article-title":"Resonant Cavity Time-Division-Multiplexed Bragg Grating Sensor Interrogator","volume":"16","author":"Lloyd","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wydra, M., Kisa\u0142a, P., Harasim, D., and Kacejko, P. (2018). Overhead Transmission Line Sag Estimation Using a Simple Optomechanical System with Chirped Fiber Bragg Gratings. Part 1: Preliminary Measurements. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010309"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.36.000934","article-title":"Analysis of the reflective-matched fiber Bragg grating sensing interrogation scheme","volume":"36","author":"Ribeiro","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19950547","article-title":"Matched-filter interrogation technique for fibre Bragg grating arrays","volume":"31","author":"Davis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4498","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.49.004498","article-title":"Analysis of transmission mode of a matched fiber Bragg grating interrogation scheme","volume":"49","author":"Wade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1080\/09205071.2018.1446366","article-title":"Strain detection and measurement using a matched fibre Bragg grating","volume":"32","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Waves Appl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19970486","article-title":"Identical broadband chirped grating interrogation technique for temperature and strain sensing","volume":"33","author":"Fallon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Jiang, J., Liu, S., Chen, H., Zheng, X., and Qiu, Y. (2018). Overlap Spectrum Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Based on Light Power Demodulation. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051597"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024404","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.52.2.024404","article-title":"Numerical modeling of intensity-based optical fiber Bragg grating sensor interrogation systems","volume":"52","author":"Wild","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gar\u00e7\u00e3o, L.A., Batista de Nazar\u00e9, F.V., Allil, R.C., Mok, R., Silveira, P., Dante, A., Carvalho, C., Keley, M., and Werneck, M.M. (2018, January 14\u201317). Temperature Compensation Method for FBG-Based Current Sensors for Transmission Lines. Proceedings of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2018.8409688"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Grigsby, L. (2013). The Electric Power Engineering Handbook: Power Systems, CRC Press. [3rd ed.]. Five Volume Set."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/9\/2652\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:26:01Z","timestamp":1760174761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/9\/2652"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s20092652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20092652","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]]}}}