{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T02:16:02Z","timestamp":1778811362177,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The launch of the medium resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Sentinel-1 constellation in 2014 has allowed public and private organizations to introduce SAR interferometry (InSAR) products as a valuable option in their monitoring systems. The massive stacks of displacement data resulting from the processing of large C-B and radar images can be used to highlight temporal and spatial deformation anomalies, and their detailed analysis and postprocessing to generate operative products for final users. In this work, the wide-area mapping capability of Sentinel-1 was used in synergy with the COSMO-SkyMed high resolution SAR data to characterize ground subsidence affecting the urban fabric of the city of Pistoia (Tuscany Region, central Italy). Line of sight velocities were decomposed on vertical and E\u2013W components, observing slight horizontal movements towards the center of the subsidence area. Vertical displacements and damage field surveys allowed for the calculation of the probability of damage depending on the displacement velocity by means of fragility curves. Finally, these data were translated to damage probability and potential loss maps. These products are useful for urban planning and geohazard management, focusing on the identification of the most hazardous areas on which to concentrate efforts and resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T10:53:55Z","timestamp":1589280835000},"page":"2749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Vulnerability Assessment of Buildings due to Land Subsidence Using InSAR Data in the Ancient Historical City of Pistoia (Italy)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8667-5030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Ezquerro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Alenza 1, 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Working Group on Ground Subsidence (SUBTER), UNESCO, 03690 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7539-5850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Del Soldato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Firenze, Via Giorgio La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3637-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Solari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Division of Geomatics, Avenida Gauss, 7 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2947-9441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Tom\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Alenza 1, 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Working Group on Ground Subsidence (SUBTER), UNESCO, 03690 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Civil, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Raspini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Firenze, Via Giorgio La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Ceccatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Firenze, Via Giorgio La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Merodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Alenza 1, 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Working Group on Ground Subsidence (SUBTER), UNESCO, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8684-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Casagli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Firenze, Via Giorgio La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6633-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modeling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Alenza 1, 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Working Group on Ground Subsidence (SUBTER), UNESCO, 03690 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"EuroGeoSurveys: Earth Observation and Geohazards Expert Group (EOEG), Rue Joseph II 36-38, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bear, J., and Corapcioglu, M.Y. 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