{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T20:51:10Z","timestamp":1770843070157,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish National Centre for Research and Development","award":["PBS3\/A9\/29\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PBS3\/A9\/29\/2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we report on the systematic study of different variants of X-ray detectors based on Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology using modified GEM foils with greatly reduced amount of copper. The main goal of this study was understanding the performance of such detectors applied in X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) elemental analysis. Reduction of the amount of copper in the detector structure is crucial for suppression of XRF background from copper, but one has to ensure that key detector parameters are not affected by such modification. The tested detector variants include detectors with different types of copper-less GEM foils, which have been manufactured starting from standard copper-clad foils and removing partially the copper layer in additional post-processing steps. The results are analyzed and discussed with a particular focus on the energy resolution, uniformity of gas gain and energy resolution across the detector area, and on the long-term stability of the gas gain. Long-term stability tests performed for selected detectors do not indicate for any accelerated aging of the copper-less detectors compared to standard detectors using copper-clad GEM foils. The presented results lead us to conclude that the copper-less GEM detectors are promising devices to suppress the XRF background.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T10:27:19Z","timestamp":1589452039000},"page":"2784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Investigation of Copper-Less Gas Electron Multiplier Detectors Responses to Soft X-rays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5511-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Mindur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2342-8854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Fiutowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2023-5945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Koperny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6970-7360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Wi\u0105cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9061-9568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W\u0142adys\u0142aw","family":"D\u0105browski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adler, K., Piikki, K., Sderstr\u00f6m, M., Eriksson, J., and Alshihabi, O. (2020). Predictions of Cu, Zn, and Cd Concentrations in Soil Using Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Measurements. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020474"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borges, C.S., Weindorf, D.C., Carvalho, G.S., Guilherme, L.R.G., Takayama, T., Curi, N., Lima, G.J.E.O., and Ribeiro, B.T. (2020). 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