{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:33:25Z","timestamp":1772638405068,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671373,41701418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671373,41701418"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil moisture and salinity are crucial parameters of the Earth\u2019s ecosystem; how to understand the radiation properties of them is of great significance for remote sensing monitoring. In this study, the application of mixed soil dielectric models (Dobson and generalized refractive mixing dielectric model (GRMDM)) and saline soil dielectric models (Dobson-S, HQR (Qingrong Hu), and WYR (Yueru Wu)) were analyzed to select the optimal models to simulate brightness temperature based on observational data. The brightness temperature of the soil moisture and multilevel salinity was simulated by using the Q-H (parameter of polarization mixing and parameter of characterizing height) model and Holmes parameterization scheme of soil effective temperature. The results show that both the Dobson model and the GRMDM model can well reproduce the real part and imaginary part of the dielectric constant of non-saline soil, and the GRMDM model was better. With the increase of the frequency, the simulation error of the dielectric constant of the saline soil by using the Dobson-S model, HQR model, and WYR model also increased, and the simulation result of the WYR model was better in the L band. The simulated result of the brightness temperature of soil moisture between the observation value and simulation value presented a high correlation both in the horizontal polarization and vertical polarization, with R greater than 0.967 and 0.948, and the root mean square error smaller than 3.998 K and 2.766 K, respectively. Meanwhile, the correlation coefficients of the brightness temperature of the saline soil in the horizontal polarization and vertical polarization were 0.935 and 0.971, and the root mean square errors were 5.808 K and 4.65 K, respectively. The brightness temperature decreased as the soil salinity increased, and the higher the salinity content was, the quicker the brightness temperature decreased. We expect that the experimental results can be used as a reference for algorithm developers to further enhance the accuracy of soil moisture and soil salinity retrievals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T10:53:59Z","timestamp":1589540039000},"page":"2806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Experimental Investigation of Ground Radiation on Dielectric and Brightness Temperature of Soil Moisture and Soil Salinity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Weizhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leilei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2025-6030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunfeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feinan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6874","DOI":"10.1002\/2013WR014639","article-title":"The benefits of using remotely sensed soil moisture in parameter identification of large-scale hydrological models","volume":"50","author":"Wanders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Huang, S., Ma, J., Li, J., Li, X., Wang, H., Chen, S., and Zang, W. (2017). Preliminary Evaluation of the SMAP Radiometer Soil Moisture Product over China Using in Situ Data. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030292"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(18)62077-5","article-title":"Effects of salinity on the soil microbial community and soil fertility","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-14-0034.1","article-title":"Modeling Regional Crop Yield and Irrigation Demand Using SMAP Type of Soil Moisture Data","volume":"16","author":"El","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3545","article-title":"The 2010\u20132011 drought in the Horn of Africa in ECMWF reanalysis and seasonal forecast products","volume":"33","author":"Dutra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-453-2011","article-title":"Global land\u2013surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations","volume":"15","author":"Miralles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.766","article-title":"Soil moisture variability and its influence on convective precipitation over complex terrain","volume":"137","author":"Hauck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.03.008","article-title":"Evaluation of remotely sensed and reanalysis soil moisture products over the Tibetan Plateau using in-situ observations","volume":"163","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Y., Su, Z., Velde, R.V.D., Wang, L., Xu, K., Wang, X., and Wen, J. (2016). Blending Satellite Observed, Model Simulated, and in Situ Measured Soil Moisture over Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030268"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.4236\/ars.2013.24040","article-title":"Soil Salinity Mapping and Monitoring in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions Using Remote Sensing Technology: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Allbed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2011.07.021","article-title":"Soil salinity and sodicity effects of wastewater irrigation in South East Australia","volume":"99","author":"Muyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.1071","article-title":"Soil salinity development in the yellow river delta in relation to groundwater dynamics","volume":"23","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.1990.11487620","article-title":"Progress in Microwave Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture","volume":"16","author":"Engman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.808243","article-title":"Soil Moisture Retrieval from AMSR-E","volume":"41","author":"Njoku","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.04.039","article-title":"Integration of microwave data from SMAP and AMSR2 for soil moisture monitoring in Italy","volume":"212","author":"Santi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2661","article-title":"Multispectral and Microwave Remote Sensing Models to Survey Soil Moisture and Salinity","volume":"28","author":"Periasamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5613","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2426194","article-title":"A Global Sensitivity Analysis of Soil Parameters Associated with Backscattering Using the Advanced Integral Equation Model","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-015-0130-0","article-title":"Dielectric Properties of Saline Soil Based on a Modified Dobson Dielectric Model","volume":"7","author":"Tashpolat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/00222739.1968.11688670","article-title":"Dielectric Properties of Heterogeneous Mixtures Containing Water*","volume":"3","author":"Loor","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Microw. Power."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1029\/WR016i003p00574","article-title":"Electromagnetic Determination of Soil Water Content: Measurements in Coaxial Transmission Lines","volume":"16","author":"Topp","year":"1980","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1029\/RS015i005p00977","article-title":"The dielectric properties of soil-water mixtures at microwave frequencies","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"1980","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1985.289497","article-title":"Microwave Dielectric Behavior of Wet Soil-Part 1_ Empirical Models and Experimental Observations","volume":"23","author":"Hallikainen","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1985.289498","article-title":"Microwave Dielectric Behavior of Wet Soil-Part II_ Dielectric-Mixing Models","volume":"23","author":"Dobson","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.823288","article-title":"Generalized refractive mixing dielectric model for moist soils","volume":"42","author":"Mironov","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.916220","article-title":"Effect of Salinity on the Dielectric Properties of Geological Materials: Implication for Soil Moisture Detection by Means of Radar Remote Sensing","volume":"46","author":"Lasne","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169508954431","article-title":"Dielectric properties of salt-affected soils","volume":"16","author":"Sreenivas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.813499","article-title":"Effect of Dielectric Properties of Moist Salinized Soils on Backscattering Coefficients Extracted from RADARSAT Image","volume":"41","author":"Shao","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Hu, Q., Shao, Y., and Guo, H. (2003, January 21\u201325). Microwave dielectric behavior of moist salt soil-experimental observations and improved dielectric models. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2323424","article-title":"Dielectric Properties of Saline Soils and an Improved Dielectric Model in C-Band","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.1971.1127617","article-title":"Equations for Calculating the Dielectric Constant of Saline Water","volume":"19","author":"Stogryn","year":"1971","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/2016RG000543","article-title":"A review of spatial downscaling of satellite remotely sensed soil moisture","volume":"55","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"338","article-title":"A practical algorithm for estimating surface soil moisture using combined optical and thermal infrared data","volume":"52","author":"Leng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-012-4444-x","article-title":"Progresses on microwave remote sensing of land surface parameters","volume":"55","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1983.350549","article-title":"Multispectral Remote Sensing of Saline Seeps","volume":"21","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1987.289820","article-title":"Salinity Effects on the Microwave Emission of Soils","volume":"25","author":"Jackson","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2165932","article-title":"Soil Salinity Impacts on L-Band Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture","volume":"9","author":"McColl","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083511","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.8.083511","article-title":"Identification of saline-alkali soil based on target decomposition of full-polarization radar data","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Liu, J., Tang, Z., Zeng, J., and Li, Y. (2013, January 22\u201326). Study on the relationship between soil moisture and its dielectric constant obtained by space-borne microwave radiometers and scatter meters. Proceedings of the 35th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment (ISRSE35), Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"4345","article-title":"Evaluation of Dielectric Mixing Models for Passive Microwave Soil Moisture Retrieval Using Data from ComRAD Ground-Based SMAP Simulator","volume":"8","author":"Srivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. STARS"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1109\/36.387598","article-title":"Dielectric Properties of Soils in the 0.3-1.3-GHz Range","volume":"33","author":"Peplinski","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1700780","article-title":"The Dielectric Properties of Water in Solutions","volume":"20","author":"Haggis","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1974.9388","article-title":"High dielectric constant microwave probes for sensing soil moisture","volume":"62","author":"Birchak","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2011631","article-title":"Physically and Mineralogically Based Spectroscopic Dielectric Model for Moist Soils","volume":"47","author":"Mironov","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1029\/JC087iC02p01301","article-title":"A parameterization of effective soil temperature for microwave emission","volume":"87","author":"Choudhury","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5277","DOI":"10.1029\/JC086iC06p05277","article-title":"Remote sensing of soil moisture content, over bare field at 1.4 GHz frequency","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.857902","article-title":"A parameterized multifrequency-polarization surface emission model","volume":"43","author":"Shi","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1109\/TGE.1978.294577","article-title":"Radiative Transfer in a Plane Stratified Dielectric","volume":"16","author":"Wilheit","year":"1978","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.914806","article-title":"Estimating the Effective Soil Temperature at L-Band as a Function of Soil Properties","volume":"46","author":"Wigneron","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes, T.R.H., Rosnay, P.D., Jeu, R.D., Wigneron, R.J.P., Kerr, Y., Calvet, J.C., Escorihuela, M.J., Saleh, K., and Lema\u00eetre, F. (2006). A new parameterization of the effective temperature for L band radiometry. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL025724"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.07.007","article-title":"An improved two-layer algorithm for estimating effective soil temperature in microwave radiometry using in situ temperature and soil moisture measurements","volume":"152","author":"Lv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2618903","article-title":"A Comprehensive Evaluation of Microwave Emissivity and Brightness Temperature Sensitivities to Soil Parameters Using Qualitative and Quantitative Sensitivity Analyses","volume":"55","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/15324980151062724","article-title":"Irrigation Water Quality, Soil Amendment, and Crop Effects on Sodium Leaching","volume":"15","author":"Bauder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arid Land Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0933-3630(96)00121-3","article-title":"Chemical changes in a saline-sodic soil after gypsum application and cropping","volume":"10","author":"Ilyas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soil Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1027326424022","article-title":"Root-zone constraints and plant-based solutions for dryland salinity","volume":"257","author":"Rengasamy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Soil."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/10\/2806\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:29:00Z","timestamp":1760174940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/10\/2806"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s20102806"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20102806","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]}}}