{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T18:03:13Z","timestamp":1771610593437,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]],"date-time":"2020-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"H2020, ECSEL-04-2015-Smart Health","award":["692470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["692470"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Portable neuroimaging technologies can be employed for long-term monitoring of neurophysiological and neuropathological states. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) and Electroencephalography (EEG) are highly suited for such a purpose. Their multimodal integration allows the evaluation of hemodynamic and electrical brain activity together with neurovascular coupling. An innovative fNIRS-EEG system is here presented. The system integrated a novel continuous-wave fNIRS component and a modified commercial EEG device. fNIRS probing relied on fiberless technology based on light emitting diodes and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). SiPMs are sensitive semiconductor detectors, whose large detection area maximizes photon harvesting from the scalp and overcomes limitations of fiberless technology. To optimize the signal-to-noise ratio and avoid fNIRS-EEG interference, a digital lock-in was implemented for fNIRS signal acquisition. A benchtop characterization of the fNIRS component showed its high performances with a noise equivalent power below 1 pW. Moreover, the fNIRS-EEG device was tested in vivo during tasks stimulating visual, motor and pre-frontal cortices. Finally, the capabilities to perform ecological recordings were assessed in clinical settings on one Alzheimer\u2019s Disease patient during long-lasting cognitive tests. The system can pave the way to portable technologies for accurate evaluation of multimodal brain activity, allowing their extensive employment in ecological environments and clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T02:43:42Z","timestamp":1589769822000},"page":"2831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Fiberless, Multi-Channel fNIRS-EEG System Based on Silicon Photomultipliers: Towards Sensitive and Ecological Mapping of Brain Activity and Neurovascular Coupling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5347-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Maria","family":"Chiarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1903-0501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Perpetuini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7279-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Croce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Engineering and Mathematical Models, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 9, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Mistretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Engineering and Mathematical Models, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 9, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Raimondo","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Engineering and Mathematical Models, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 9, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2188-4178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Vinciguerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADG R&amp;D, STMicroelectronics s.r.l., Stradale Primosole 50, 95121 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Mario Francesco","family":"Romeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADG R&amp;D, STMicroelectronics s.r.l., Stradale Primosole 50, 95121 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Zappasodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"given":"Arcangelo","family":"Merla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}]},{"given":"Pier Giorgio","family":"Fallica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADG R&amp;D, STMicroelectronics s.r.l., Stradale Primosole 50, 95121 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"Edlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guger Technologies OG, Herbersteinstrasse 60, 8020 Graz, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4887-2564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupert","family":"Ortner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"g.tec Medical Engineering Spain S.L., Calle Plom 5-7, 08038 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2457-0772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe Costantino","family":"Giaconia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Engineering and Mathematical Models, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 9, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041411","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.4.4.041411","article-title":"Simultaneous functional near-infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography for monitoring of human brain activity and oxygenation: A review","volume":"4","author":"Chiarelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Davidson, R.J., Jackson, D.C., and Larson, C.L. 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