{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T16:32:23Z","timestamp":1767889943072,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61504100 and 61376099, 61434007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61504100 and 61376099, 61434007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A modulator is the core of many optoelectronic applications such as communication and sensing. However, a traditional modulator can hardly reach high modulation depth. In order to achieve the higher modulation depth, a graphene electro-optical switch modulator is proposed by adjusting propagation length in the near infrared band. The switch modulator is designed based on a hybrid plasmonic waveguide structure, which is comprised of an SiO2 substrate, graphene\u2013Si\u2013graphene heterostructure, Ag nanowire and SiO2 cladding. The propagation length of the hybrid plasmonic waveguide varies from 0.14 \u03bcm to 20.43 \u03bcm by the voltage tunability of graphene in 1550 nm incident light. A modulator with a length of 3 \u03bcm is designed based on the hybrid waveguide and it achieves about 100% modulation depth. The lower energy loss (~1.71 fJ\/bit) and larger 3 dB bandwidth (~83.91 GHz) are attractive for its application in a photoelectric integration field. In addition, the excellent robustness (error of modulation effects lower than 8.84%) is practical in the fabrication process. Most importantly, by using the method of adjusting propagation length, other types of graphene modulators can also achieve about 100% modulation depth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T11:34:14Z","timestamp":1589801654000},"page":"2864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Graphene Electro-Optical Switch Modulator by Adjusting Propagation Length Based on Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide in Infrared Band"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3191-684X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8560-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shulong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"given":"Yindi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6576-5093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4547-0666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices of Education, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102896","article-title":"Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films","volume":"306","author":"Novoselov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2015.02.071","article-title":"Hybrid Structures of Organic Dye and Graphene for Ultrahigh Gain Photodetectors","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.253","article-title":"Chip-Integrated Ultrafast Graphene Photodetector with High Responsivity","volume":"7","author":"Gan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22169","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.022169","article-title":"All-optical Controlling Based on Nonlinear Graphene Plasmonic Waveguides","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111110","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4752435","article-title":"Optical absorption in graphene integrated on silicon waveguides","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-017-0071-6","article-title":"Graphene\u2013Silicon Phase Modulators with Gigahertz Bandwidth","volume":"12","author":"Sorianello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e360","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2015.133","article-title":"An All-Optical Modulator Based on a Stereo Graphene\u2013Microfiber Structure","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Light. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.01.005","article-title":"Low-Temperature Preparation of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene for Supercapacitors","volume":"56","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1200770","article-title":"Carbon-Based Supercapacitors Produced by Activation of Graphene","volume":"332","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.12.023","article-title":"Graphene Oxide as High-Performance Dielectric Materials for Capacitive Pressure Sensors","volume":"114","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603347","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201603347","article-title":"Mercuric Contamination: Ultrasensitive SERS Substrate Integrated with Uniform Subnanometer Scale \u201cHot Spots\u201d Created by a Graphene Spacer for the Detection of Mercury Ions (Small 9\/2017)","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.001437","article-title":"A Closed-Form Approximate Expression for the Optical Conductivity of Graphene","volume":"38","author":"Simsek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026222","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/19\/2\/026222","article-title":"Magneto-Optical Conductivity in Graphene","volume":"19","author":"Gusynin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.000243","article-title":"Ultrafast Saturable Absorption of MoS_2 Nanosheets under Different Pulse-Width Excitation Conditions","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.6b00398","article-title":"Athermal Broadband Graphene Optical Modulator with 35 GHz Speed","volume":"3","author":"Dalir","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Photon."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1021\/nl500712u","article-title":"Multifunctional Graphene Optical Modulator and Photodetector Integrated on Silicon Waveguides","volume":"14","author":"Youngblood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-017-0033-z","article-title":"Chalcogenide Glass-on-Graphene Photonics","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1039\/C8MH01009A","article-title":"Single Silicon Nanostripe Gated Suspended Monolayer and Bilayer WS2 to Realize Abnormal Electro-Optical Modulation","volume":"6","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Horizons"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2015.122","article-title":"Graphene Electro-Optic Modulator with 30 GHz Bandwidth","volume":"9","author":"Phare","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10067","article-title":"A Graphene-Based Broadband Optical Modulator","volume":"474","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b04931","article-title":"Adiabatic Nanofocusing in Hybrid Gap Plasmon Waveguides on the Silicon-on-Insulator Platform","volume":"16","author":"Nielsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12469","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.012469","article-title":"CMOS Plasmonics in WDM Data Transmission: 200 Gb\/s (8 \u00d7 25Gb\/s) Transmission over Aluminum Plasmonic Waveguides","volume":"26","author":"Dabos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2056594","article-title":"Bends and Splitters in Metal-Dielectric-Metal Subwavelength Plasmonic Waveguides","volume":"87","author":"Veronis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1080\/09500340.2019.1601272","article-title":"Plasmonic Refractive Index Sensor Based on Metal-Insulator-Metal Waveguides with High Sensitivity","volume":"66","author":"Butt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mod. Opt."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2008.131","article-title":"A Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide for Subwavelength Confinement and Long-Range Propagation","volume":"2","author":"Oulton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.6.000037","article-title":"Deep-Subwavelength Light Transmission in Hybrid Nanowire-Loaded Silicon Nano-Rib Waveguides","volume":"6","author":"Bian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photon. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2677947","article-title":"Hybrid Tube-Triangle Plasmonic Waveguide for Ultra-Deep Subwavelength Confinement","volume":"35","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201300207","article-title":"Deep-Subwavelength Light Confinement and Transport in Hybrid Dielectric-Loaded Metal Wedges","volume":"8","author":"Bian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laser Photon. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1080\/09500340.2018.1427290","article-title":"Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide-Assisted Metal\u2013Insulator\u2013Metal Ring Resonator for Refractive Index Sensing","volume":"65","author":"Butt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mod. Opt."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Liu, H., Wang, S., Cai, M., Zhang, H., and Qiao, Y. (2020). Electrical Phase Control Based on Graphene Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Mid-infrared. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10030576"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05172-9","article-title":"Tunable Graphene-Based Hybrid Plasmonic Modulators for Subwavelength Confinement","volume":"7","author":"Qu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8846","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9846","article-title":"Hybrid Graphene Plasmonic Waveguide Modulators","volume":"6","author":"Ansell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"110311F","article-title":"Design of Electro-Optic Modulators and Switches Based on Graphene and Phase Change Materials","volume":"11031","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. Opt. Des. Devices Syst. Appl. V"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-018-0719-1","article-title":"A Hybrid Plasmonic Modulator Based on Graphene on Channel Plasmonic Polariton Waveguide","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4948","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2612400","article-title":"A Broadband Optical Modulator Based on a Graphene Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Liu, H., Wang, S., Cai, M., and Ma, L. (2019). Optical Transport Properties of Graphene Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Mid-Infrared Band. Crystals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst9070354"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, M., Wang, S., Gao, B., Wang, Y., Han, T., and Liu, H. (2018). A New Electro-Optical Switch Modulator Based on the Surface Plasmon Polaritons of Graphene in Mid-Infrared Band. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010089"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2015.2445571","article-title":"A Hybrid Wedge-To-Wedge Plasmonic Waveguide with Low Loss Propagation and Ultra-Deep-Nanoscale Mode Confinement","volume":"33","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-018-1324-4","article-title":"Modulation Speed Limits of a Graphene-Based Modulator","volume":"50","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2014.02.056","article-title":"Analytic Solution to Field Distribution in One-Dimensional Inhomogeneous Media","volume":"322","author":"Gric","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11159","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2935750","article-title":"A Long Propagation Distance Hybrid Triangular Prism Waveguide for Ultradeep Subwavelength Confinement","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22417","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.022417","article-title":"Hybrid Wedge Plasmon Polariton Waveguide with Good Fabrication-Error-Tolerance for Ultra-Deep-Subwavelength Mode Confinement","volume":"19","author":"Bian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/10\/2864\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:29:59Z","timestamp":1760174999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/10\/2864"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s20102864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20102864","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]}}}