{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T18:35:11Z","timestamp":1775154911398,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1A2C1085388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1A2C1085388"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In healthcare, interoperability is widely adopted in the case of cross-departmental or specialization cases. As the human body demands multiple specialized and cross-disciplined medical experiments, interoperability of business entities like different departments, different specializations, the involvement of legal and government monitoring issues etc. are not sufficient to reduce the active medical cases. A patient-centric system with high capability to collect, retrieve, store or exchange data is the demand for present and future times. Such data-centric health processes would bring automated patient medication, or patient self-driven trusted and high satisfaction capabilities. However, data-centric processes are having a huge set of challenges such as security, technology, governance, adoption, deployment, integration etc. This work has explored the feasibility to integrate resource-constrained devices-based wearable kidney systems in the Industry 4.0 network and facilitates data collection, liquidity, storage, retrieval and exchange systems. Thereafter, a Healthcare 4.0 processes-based wearable kidney system is proposed that is having the blockchain technology advantages. Further, game theory-based consensus algorithms are proposed for resource-constrained devices in the kidney system. The overall system design would bring an example for the transition from the specialization or departmental-centric approach to data and patient-centric approach that would bring more transparency, trust and healthy practices in the healthcare sector. Results show a variation of 0.10 million GH\/s to 0.18 million GH\/s hash rate for the proposed approach. The chances of a majority attack in the proposed scheme are statistically proved to be minimum. Further Average Packet Delivery Rate (ADPR) lies between 95% to 97%, approximately, without the presence of outliers. In the presence of outliers, network performance decreases below 80% APDR (to a minimum of 41.3%) and this indicates that there are outliers present in the network. Simulation results show that the Average Throughput (AT) value lies between 120 Kbps to 250 Kbps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T02:48:24Z","timestamp":1589942904000},"page":"2868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Lightweight Proof of Game (LPoG): A Proof of Work (PoW)\u2019s Extended Lightweight Consensus Algorithm for Wearable Kidneys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2919-6302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adarsh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systemics, School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3181-2541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepak","family":"Kumar Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9821-6146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand","family":"Nayyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1118-9569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saurabh","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial &amp; Systems Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1110-4011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byungun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial &amp; Systems Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, March 20). 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