{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T10:51:35Z","timestamp":1778151095026,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006360","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03EFHNI059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03EFHNI059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03EFHNI059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03EFHNI059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXC 2122, Project ID 390833453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 2122, Project ID 390833453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor that is based on a planar-optical multi-mode (MM) polymer waveguide structure applied for the detection of biomolecules in the lower nano-molar (nM) range. The basic sensor shows a sensitivity of 608.6 nm\/RIU when exposed to refractive index changes with a measurement resolution of 4.3 \u00d7 10\u22123 RIU. By combining the SPR sensor with an aptamer-functionalized, gold-nanoparticle (AuNP)-enhanced sandwich assay, the detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) in a buffer solution was achieved with a response of 0.118 nm\/nM. Due to the multi-mode polymer waveguide structure and the simple concept, the reported biosensor is well suited for low-cost disposable lab-on-a-chip applications and can be used with rather simple and economic devices. In particular, the sensor offers the potential for fast and multiplexed detection of several biomarkers on a single integrated platform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T10:37:38Z","timestamp":1589971058000},"page":"2889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["SPR Biosensor Based on Polymer Multi-Mode Optical Waveguide and Nanoparticle Signal Enhancement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Johanna-Gabriela","family":"Walter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Eilers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8488-2992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Alwis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9389-7125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering\u2014Innovation Across Disciplines), 30167 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Leibniz University of Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kort","family":"Bremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Leibniz University of Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06913","article-title":"The cancer biomarker problem","volume":"452","author":"Sawyers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AN01790D","article-title":"Biomarker detection technologies and future directions","volume":"141","author":"Nimse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirzada, M., and Altintas, Z. (2020). Recent Progress in Optical Sensors for Biomedical Diagnostics. Micromachines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11040356"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AN02149C","article-title":"Are plasmonic optical biosensors ready for use in point-of-need applications?","volume":"145","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.04.039","article-title":"Protein functionalised self-assembled monolayer based biosensor for colon cancer detection","volume":"201","author":"Narayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.124074","article-title":"Polydopamine-based molecular imprinted optic microfiber sensor enhanced by template-mediated molecular rearrangement for ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein detection","volume":"387","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10481","DOI":"10.3390\/s150510481","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance: A versatile technique for biosensor applications","volume":"15","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125530","article-title":"A label-free ultrasensitive microfluidic surface Plasmon resonance biosensor for Aflatoxin B1 detection using nanoparticles integrated gold chip","volume":"307","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schasfoort, R.B.M. (2017). Future Trends in SPR Technology. Handbook of Surface Plasmon Resonance, The Royal Society of Chemistry. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1039\/9781788010283-00415"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-003-2101-0","article-title":"Present and future of surface plasmon resonance biosensors","volume":"377","author":"Homola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2005.05.003","article-title":"Multi-analyte surface plasmon resonance biosensing","volume":"37","author":"Homola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2006.06.012","article-title":"Looking towards label-free biomolecular interaction analysis in a high-throughput format: A review of new surface plasmon resonance technologies","volume":"17","author":"Boozer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2013.10.048","article-title":"Trends and challenges of refractometric nanoplasmonic biosensors: A review","volume":"806","author":"Estevez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasooly, A., and Herold, K.E. (2009). Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensing. Biosensors and Biodetection, Humana Press. Methods in Molecular Biology\u2122.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-567-5"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2011.2162828","article-title":"High-Performance Bimetallic SPR Sensor Based on Periodic-Multilayer-Waveguides","volume":"23","author":"Srivastava","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2018.05.006","article-title":"Sensitivity enhanced SPR immunosensor based on graphene oxide and SPA co-modified photonic crystal fiber","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b04298","article-title":"Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors (2013\u20132015)","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b04708","article-title":"Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors (2015\u20132019)","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2016.12.069","article-title":"Multi-channel SPR sensor based on the cascade application of the Single-mode and multimode optical fiber","volume":"390","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.02.049","article-title":"Integrated planar optical waveguide interferometer biosensors: A comparative review","volume":"58","author":"Kozma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900074","DOI":"10.1002\/masy.201900074","article-title":"Polymer Optical Fibers for Sensing","volume":"389","author":"Cennamo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Macromol. Symp."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.09.084","article-title":"Development of new single-mode waveguide surface plasmon resonance sensor using a polymer imprint process for high-throughput fabrication and improved design flexibility","volume":"129","author":"Matsushita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2016.2573322","article-title":"Surface-Plasmon-Resonance Refractive-Index Sensor with Cu-Coated Polymer Waveguide","volume":"28","author":"Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2018.06.028","article-title":"[INVITED] Slab plasmonic platforms combined with Plastic Optical Fibers and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for chemical sensing","volume":"107","author":"Zeni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17179","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.017179","article-title":"Fibre optic surface plasmon resonance sensor system designed for smartphones","volume":"23","author":"Bremer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2007.912782","article-title":"Optimizing surface-plasmon resonance sensors for limit of detection based on a Cramer-Rao bound","volume":"8","author":"Hastings","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-8411-6","article-title":"Review of plasmonic fiber optic biochemical sensors: Improving the limit of detection","volume":"407","author":"Caucheteur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, F., Zhang, X., Lou, X., and Yuan, Q. (2018). Sandwich Assays Based on SPR, SERS, GMR, QCM, Microcantilever, SAW, and RRS Techniques for Protein Detection. Biosensors Based on Sandwich Assays, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7835-4"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Xue, N., Cai, H., Sun, J., Qi, Z., Zhao, P., Xiong, F., Geng, Z., Jiang, L., and Li, L. (2020). Nanoparticles Enhanced Self-driven Microfludic Biosensor. Micromachines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11040350"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.03.041","article-title":"Sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen using surface plasmon resonance biosensor with gold nanoparticles signal amplification","volume":"140","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2010.03.036","article-title":"Ultra-sensitive detection of IgE using biofunctionalized nanoparticle-enhanced SPR","volume":"81","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(99)00135-3","article-title":"The C-reactive protein","volume":"17","author":"Clyne","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16904","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17276-3","article-title":"A label-free fiber optic SPR biosensor for specific detection of C-reactive protein","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201500315","article-title":"SPR-based plastic optical fibre biosensor for the detection of C-reactive protein in serum","volume":"9","author":"Aray","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biophoton."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5628","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23963-6","article-title":"Small molecule detection with aptamer based lateral flow assays: Applying aptamer-C-reactive protein cross-recognition for ampicillin detection","volume":"8","author":"Kaiser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-007-1736-7","article-title":"Development of an optical RNA-based aptasensor for C-reactive protein","volume":"390","author":"Bini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6553","DOI":"10.1021\/ac300835b","article-title":"Sensitive Affimer and Antibody Based Impedimetric Label-Free Assays for C-Reactive Protein","volume":"84","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2639740","article-title":"Low-Cost Fabrication of All-Polymer Components for Integrated Photonics","volume":"35","author":"Rezem","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2878291","article-title":"Polymer-based transmission path for communication and sensing applications","volume":"37","author":"Rahlves","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2009.12.029","article-title":"Integrated microfluidic system for rapid screening of CRP aptamers utilizingsystematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX)","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11098","DOI":"10.1021\/la201938u","article-title":"Kinetically Controlled Seeded Growth Synthesis of Citrate-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles of up to 200 nm: Size Focusing versus Ostwald Ripening","volume":"27","author":"Bastus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bremer, K., Alwis, L.S.M., Zheng, Y., and Roth, B. (2020). Towards mode-multiplexed fiber sensors: An investigation on the spectral response of etched graded index OM4 multi-mode fiber with Bragg grating for refractive index and temperature measurement. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10010337"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.08.021","article-title":"Development of novel optical waveguide surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor with dual light emitting diodes","volume":"106","author":"Suzuki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-6308-9","article-title":"Biofunctionalized gold nanoparticles for SPR-biosensor-based detection of CEA in blood plasma","volume":"404","author":"Homola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4712","DOI":"10.1039\/c2an35742a","article-title":"Contribution of gold nanoparticles to the signal amplification in surface plasmon resonance","volume":"137","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2012.06.026","article-title":"C-reactive protein as predictor of bacterial infection among patients with an influenza-like illness","volume":"31","author":"Haran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/10\/2889\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:30:33Z","timestamp":1760175033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/10\/2889"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s20102889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20102889","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]}}}