{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:50:52Z","timestamp":1760237452188,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017190","name":"ADD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UE191095FD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UE191095FD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yeungnam University Research Grants","award":["2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016400","name":"NRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2018R1D1A3B07049069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1D1A3B07049069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016400","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infrared ship-target detection for sea surveillance from the coast is very challenging because of strong background clutter, such as cloud and sea glint. Conventional approaches utilize either spatial or temporal information to reduce false positives. This paper proposes a completely different approach, called carbon dioxide-double spike (CO2-DS) detection in midwave spectral imaging. The proposed CO2-DS is based on the spectral feature where a hot CO2 emission band is broader than that which is absorbed by normal atmospheric CO2, which generates CO2-double spikes. A directional-mean subtraction filter (D-MSF) detects each CO2 spike, and final targets are detected by joint analysis of both types of detection. The most important property of CO2-DS detection is that it generates an extremely low number of false positive caused by background clutter. Only the hot CO2 spike of a ship plume can penetrate atmosphere, and furthermore, there are only ship CO2 plume signatures in the double spikes of different spectral bands. Experimental results using midwave Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) in a remote sea environment validate the extreme robustness of the proposed ship-target detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T10:37:38Z","timestamp":1589971058000},"page":"2896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Extremely Robust Remote-Target Detection Based on Carbon Dioxide-Double Spikes in Midwave Spectral Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5401-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungho","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jungsub","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Defense Development, P.O. Box 35, Daejeon 34186, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joonmo","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Defense Development, P.O. Box 35, Daejeon 34186, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Defense Development, P.O. Box 35, Daejeon 34186, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willburger, K., Schwenk, K., and Brauchle, J. (2020). AMARO\u2014An On-Board Ship Detection and Real-Time Information System. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051324"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Satoh, S. (2018). Automatic Ship Detection on Multispectral and Thermal Infrared Aerial Images Using MACS-Mar Remote Sensing Platform. 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