{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T20:55:02Z","timestamp":1762980902320,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]],"date-time":"2020-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G.0A28.16.6","12J3620N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G.0A28.16.6","12J3620N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To mitigate autogenous shrinkage in cementitious materials and simultaneously preserve the material\u2019s mechanical performance, superabsorbent polymers and nanosilica are included in the mixture design. The use of the specific additives influences both the hydration process and the hardened microstructure, while autogenous healing of cracks can be stimulated. These three stages are monitored by means of non-destructive testing, showing the sensitivity of elastic waves to the occurring phenomena. Whereas the action of the superabsorbent polymers was evidenced by acoustic emission, the use of ultrasound revealed the differences in the developed microstructure and the self-healing of cracks by a comparison with more commonly performed mechanical tests. The ability of NDT to determine these various features renders it a promising measuring method for future characterization of innovative cementitious materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,25]],"date-time":"2020-05-25T11:42:02Z","timestamp":1590406922000},"page":"2959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Contribution of Elastic Wave NDT to the Characterization of Modern Cementitious Media"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3053-8069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerlinde","family":"Lefever","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9427-6312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didier","family":"Snoeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Magnel-Vandepitte Laboratory for Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Department of Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 60, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0851-6242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nele","family":"De Belie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magnel-Vandepitte Laboratory for Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Department of Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 60, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Van Vlierberghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymer Chemistry &amp; Biomaterials Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Van Hemelrijck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios G.","family":"Aggelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.063","article-title":"Super absorbing polymers as an internal curing agent for mitigation of early-age cracking of high-performance concrete bridge decks","volume":"25","author":"Craeye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2012.03.011","article-title":"Relation between the molecular structure and the efficiency of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) as concrete admixture to mitigate autogenous shrinkage","volume":"42","author":"Mechtcherine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-013-0078-5","article-title":"Effect of internal curing by using superabsorbent polymers (SAP) on autogenous shrinkage and other properties of a high-performance fine-grained concrete: Results of a RILEM round-robin test","volume":"47","author":"Mechtherine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2015.03.020","article-title":"The influence of superabsorbent polymers on the autogenous shrinkage properties of cement pastes with supplementary cementitious materials","volume":"74","author":"Snoeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.115","article-title":"Effect of internal curing with super absorbent polymers on autogenous shrinkage of concrete at early age","volume":"106","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2008.03.002","article-title":"Capillary pressure in fresh cement-based materials and identification of the air entry value","volume":"30","author":"Slowik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2019.105964","article-title":"Monitoring early-age acoustic emission of cement paste and fly ash paste","volume":"129","author":"Dzaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118966","article-title":"Combined use of superabsorbent polymers and nanosilica for reduction of restrained shrinkage and strength compensation in cementitious mortars","volume":"251","author":"Lefever","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Belgisch Instituut Voor Normalisatie (BIN) (1999). Methods of Test for Mortar Masonry\u2014Part 3: Determination of Consistence of Fresh Mortar (by Flow Table), European Committee for Standardization (CEN)."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.06.019","article-title":"Superabsorbent polumers to mitigate plastic drying shrinkage in a cement paste as studied by NMR","volume":"93","author":"Snoeck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.033","article-title":"Alginate biopolymers: Counteracting the impact of superabsorbent polymers on mortar strength","volume":"110","author":"Mignon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.206","article-title":"Combined effect of shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRA) and superabsorbent polymers (SAP) on the autogenous shrinkage, hydration and properties of cementitious materials","volume":"138","author":"Wehbe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(01)00463-X","article-title":"Water-entrained cement-based materials: I. Principles and theoretical background","volume":"31","author":"Jensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X12438623","article-title":"Self-healing cementitious materials by the combination of microfibres and superabsorbent polymers","volume":"25","author":"Snoeck","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2018.64","article-title":"Superabsorbent polymers to seal and heal cracks in cementitious materials","volume":"3","author":"Snoeck","year":"2018","journal-title":"RILEM Tech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2019.00048","article-title":"Autogenous healing in strain-hardening cementitious materials with and without superabsorbent polymers: An 8-year study","volume":"6","author":"Snoeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57555-0","article-title":"Autogenous healing in cementitious materials with superabsorbent polymers quantified by means of NMR","volume":"10","author":"Snoeck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04015086","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001360","article-title":"Repeated autogenous healing in strain-hardening cementitious composites by using superabsorbent polymers","volume":"28","author":"Snoeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.062","article-title":"Can superabsorbent polymers mitigate autogenous shrinkage of internally cured concrete without compromising the strength?","volume":"31","author":"Hasholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.012","article-title":"Effect of high amounts of superabsorbent polymers and additional water on the workability, microstructure and strength of mortars with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.50","volume":"72","author":"Snoeck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lefever, G., Snoeck, D., Aggelis, D., de Belie, N., van Vlierberghe, S., and van Hemelrijck, D. (2020). Evaluation of the self-healing ability of mortar mixtures containing superabsorbent polymers and nanosilica. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13020380"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10306-0","article-title":"The water kinetics of superabsorbent polymers during cement hydration and internal curing visualized and studied by NMR","volume":"7","author":"Snoeck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.01.016","article-title":"Active and passive monitoring of the early hydration process in concrete using linear and nonlinear acoustics","volume":"39","author":"Desadeleer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010942005907","article-title":"Acoustic emission monitoring of calcium aluminate cement setting at the early age","volume":"20","author":"Chotard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2017.10.019","article-title":"Unsupervised and supervised pattern recognition of acoustic emission signals during early hydration of Portland cement paste","volume":"103","author":"Assi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10921-016-0355-7","article-title":"Towards the Establishment of a Continuous Nondestructive Monitoring Technique for Fresh Concrete","volume":"35","author":"Iliopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nondestruct. Eval."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Topolar, L., Pazdera, L., Kucharczykova, B., Smutny, J., and Mikulasek, K. (2017). Using Acoustic Emission Methods to Monitor Cement Composites during Setting and Hardening. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7050451"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2017.12.004","article-title":"Study on mechanical acoustic emission sources in fresh concrete","volume":"18","author":"Dzaye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serdar, M., Gabrijel, I., Schlicke, D., Staquet, S., and Azenha, M. (2020). Acoustic Emission Characterization of Fresh Cement-Based Materials. Advanced Techniques for Testing of Cement-Based Materials, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-39738-8"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0958-9465(96)00026-1","article-title":"Ultrasonic pulse velocity test of concrete properties as specified in various standards","volume":"18","author":"Komlos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1680\/macr.1959.11.32.85","article-title":"The effects of age and water\/cement ratio upon the relation between ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength of concrete","volume":"11","author":"Kaplan","year":"1959","journal-title":"Mag. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2004.12.001","article-title":"Experimental study of wave dispersion and attenuation in concrete","volume":"43","author":"Philippidis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2005.11.002","article-title":"Ultrasonic wave propagation in heterogeneous solid media: Theoretical analysis and experimental validation","volume":"44","author":"Chaix","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-016-0869-6","article-title":"Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation of alkali-silica reaction damage in concrete prism samples","volume":"50","author":"Ju","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EL151","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2784151","article-title":"Exprimental study of surface wave propagation in strongly heterogeneous media","volume":"122","author":"Aggelis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"27","article-title":"Ultrasonic investigation of concrete with distributed damage","volume":"95","author":"Selleck","year":"1998","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2008.09.008","article-title":"Characterization of surface crack depth and repair evaluation using Rayleigh waves","volume":"31","author":"Aggelis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2009.01.005","article-title":"Elastic wave validation of large concrete structures repaired by means of cement grouting","volume":"23","author":"Shiotani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.038","article-title":"Development of an ultrasonic experimental device to characterise concrete for structural repair","volume":"37","author":"Benmeddour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.116780","article-title":"Feasibility study on real-scale, self-healing concrete slab by developing a smart capsules network and assessed by a plethora of advanced monitoring techniques","volume":"228","author":"Tsangouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-018-1242-8","article-title":"Recommendation of RILEM TC 260-RSC: Testing sorption by superabsorbent polymers (SAP) prior to implementation in cement-based material","volume":"51","author":"Snoeck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"ASTM International (2018). ASTM Standard C 349-18: Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars (Using Portions of Prisms Broken in Flexure), ASTM Standards."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.105","article-title":"Novel active crack width control technique to reduce the variation on water permeability results for self-healing concrete","volume":"203","author":"Gruyaert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.018","article-title":"Application of hydrogel encapsulated carbonate precipitating bacteria for approaching a realistic self-healing in concrete","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EL89","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4994283","article-title":"Concrete wave dispersion interpretation through Mindlin\u2019s strain gradient elastic theory","volume":"142","author":"Iliopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.015","article-title":"Enhanced impact energy absorption in self-healing strain-hardening cementitious materials with superabsorbent polymers","volume":"191","author":"Snoeck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2015.10.016","article-title":"X-ray computed microtomography to study autogenous healing of cementitious material promoted by superabsorbent polymers","volume":"65","author":"Snoeck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/10\/2959\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:31:46Z","timestamp":1760175106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/10\/2959"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s20102959"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20102959","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]]}}}