{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T09:49:39Z","timestamp":1776764979025,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51408257 and 51308248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51408257 and 51308248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Youth Scientific Research Fund of Jilin","award":["20180520075JH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180520075JH"]}]},{"name":"Science and technology project of Jilin Provincial Education Department","award":["JJKH20170810KJ and JJKH20180150KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20170810KJ and JJKH20180150KJ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor can obtain richer and more detailed traffic flow information than traditional traffic detectors, which could be valuable data input for various novel intelligent transportation applications. However, the point cloud generated by LiDAR scanning not only includes road user points but also other surrounding object points. It is necessary to remove the worthless points from the point cloud by using a suitable background filtering algorithm to accelerate the micro-level traffic data extraction. This paper presents a background point filtering algorithm using a slice-based projection filtering (SPF) method. First, a 3-D point cloud is projected to 2-D polar coordinates to reduce the point data dimensions and improve the processing efficiency. Then, the point cloud is classified into four categories in a slice unit: Valuable object points (VOPs), worthless object points (WOPs), abnormal ground points (AGPs), and normal ground points (NGPs). Based on the point cloud classification results, the traffic objects (pedestrians and vehicles) and their surrounding information can be easily identified from an individual frame of the point cloud. We proposed an artificial neuron network (ANN)-based model to improve the adaptability of the algorithm in dealing with the road gradient and LiDAR-employing inclination. The experimental results showed that the algorithm of this paper successfully extracted the valuable points, such as road users and curbstones. Compared to the random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm and 3-D density-statistic-filtering (3-D-DSF) algorithm, the proposed algorithm in this paper demonstrated better performance in terms of the run-time and background filtering accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T12:36:58Z","timestamp":1590669418000},"page":"3054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Background Point Filtering of Low-Channel Infrastructure-Based LiDAR Data Using a Slice-Based Projection Filtering Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9098-2666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciyun","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traffic Information and Control Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traffic Information and Control Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Department of Engineering Training Center, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5438-5565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dayong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M Transportation Institute, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8612-3727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bowen","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traffic Information and Control Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Jilin Engineering Research Center for ITS, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2018.11.002","article-title":"LIDAR\u2013camera fusion for road detection using fully convolutional neural networks","volume":"111","author":"Caltagirone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Robot. 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