{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T14:42:17Z","timestamp":1776177737807,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]],"date-time":"2020-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the turning characteristics of the more-affected limbs in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) patients in comparison with that of a control group, and in PD patients with freezing of gait (FOG; freezers) in comparison with those without FOG (non-freezers) for 360\u00b0 and 540\u00b0 turning tasks at the maximum speed. A total of 12 freezers, 12 non-freezers, and 12 controls participated in this study. The PD patients showed significantly longer total durations, shorter inner and outer step lengths, and greater anterior\u2013posterior (AP) root mean square (RMS) center of mass (COM) distances compared to those for the controls. The freezers showed significantly greater AP and medial-lateral (ML) RMS COM distances compared to those of non-freezers. The turning task toward the inner step of the more-affected side (IMA) in PD patients showed significantly greater step width, total steps, and AP and ML RMS COM distances than that toward the outer step of the more-affected side (OMA). The corresponding results for freezers revealed significantly higher total steps and shorter inner step length during the 540\u00b0 turn toward the IMA than that toward the OMA. Therefore, PD patients and freezers exhibited greater turning difficulty in performing challenging turning tasks such as turning with an increased angle and speed and toward the more-affected side.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T09:19:27Z","timestamp":1591089567000},"page":"3098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Turning Characteristics of the More-Affected Side in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients with Freezing of Gait"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4625-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hwayoung","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7574-5259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changhong","family":"Youm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare and Science, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea"}]},{"given":"Myeounggon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6292-6189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byungjoo","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare and Science, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5905-2188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Myung","family":"Cheon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Dong-A University, Dongdaesin-dong 3-ga, Seo-gu, Busan 49315, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.001","article-title":"Objective measures to investigate turning impairments and freezing of gait in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"74","author":"Bertoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.2.333","article-title":"Motor blocks in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"42","author":"Giladi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30044-4","article-title":"Gait impairments in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Mirelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.04.011","article-title":"Gait and trunk kinematics during prolonged turning in Parkinson\u2019s disease with freezing of gait","volume":"64","author":"Mitchell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. 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