{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:33:15Z","timestamp":1770816795257,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,31]],"date-time":"2020-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51527805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51527805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41974139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A method to measure the superficial velocity of the water phase in gas\u2013water flow using an electromagnetic flowmeter (EMF) and rotating electric field conductance sensors (REFCSs) is introduced in this paper. An electromagnetic flowmeter instrument factor model is built and the correlation between electromagnetic flowmeter output and gas holdup in different flow patterns are explored through vertical upward gas\u2013water flow dynamic experiments in a pipe with an inner diameter (ID) of 20 mm. Water superficial velocity is predicted based on pattern identification among bubble, churn, and slug flows. The experimental results show that water superficial velocity can be predicted fairly accurately for bubble, churn, and slug flows with a water cut higher than 60% (absolute average percentage deviation and absolute average deviation are 4.1057% and 0.0281 m\/s, respectively). The output of the electromagnetic flowmeter is unstable and invalid in slug flows with a water cut below 60% due to the non-conducting gas slug is almost filling the pipe. Therefore, the electromagnetic flowmeter is not preferred to be used in such conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T09:19:27Z","timestamp":1591089567000},"page":"3122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Measurement of Water Velocity in Gas\u2013Water Two-Phase Flow with the Combination of Electromagnetic Flowmeter and Conductance Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Qiu-Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5445-5092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning-De","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5154-9883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu-Sheng","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying-Yu","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-Dong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flowmeasinst.2015.08.010","article-title":"Measurement of vertical oil-in-water two-phase flow using dual-modality ERT\u2013EMF system","volume":"46","author":"Yousef","year":"2015","journal-title":"Flow Meas. 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