{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T06:17:03Z","timestamp":1778048223991,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003627","name":"Rural Development Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJ014238042019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ014238042019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002635","name":"Inha University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002635","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A colorimetric polydiacetylene (PDA) paper strip sensor that can specifically recognize Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) HD-73 spores is described in this work. The target-specific aptamer was combined with PDA, and the aptamer-conjugated PDA vesicles were then coated on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) paper strips by a simple solvent evaporation method. The PDA-aptamer paper strips can be used to detect the target without any pre-treatment. Using the paper strip, the presence of BT spores is directly observable by the naked eye based on the unique blue-to-red color transition of the PDA. Quantitative studies using the paper strip were also carried out by analyzing the color transitions of the PDA. The specificity of this PDA sensor was verified with a high concentration of Escherichia coli, and no discernable change was observed. The observable color change in the paper strip occurs in less than 1 h, and the limit of detection is 3 \u00d7 107 CFU\/mL, much below the level harmful to humans. The PDA-based paper sensor, developed in this work, does not require a separate power or detection device, making the sensor strip highly transportable and suitable for spore analysis anytime and anywhere. Moreover, this paper sensor platform is easily fabricated, can be adapted to other targets, is highly portable, and is highly specific for the detection of BT spores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T09:19:27Z","timestamp":1591089567000},"page":"3124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Aptamer-Conjugated Polydiacetylene Colorimetric Paper Chip for the Detection of Bacillus thuringiensis Spores"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Chaoge","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering and Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taeyeong","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering and Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huisoo","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering and Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyunil","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering and Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eun-Seon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mi-Hwa","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1612-4473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Suk","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering and Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8420-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4882-9040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae-Joon","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering and Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-018-0467-2","article-title":"Removal of Ni2+ and Cd2+ by surface display of polyhistidine on bacillus subtilis spore using CotE anchor protein","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. 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