{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T20:14:23Z","timestamp":1773692063945,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last two decades, experimental studies in humans and other vertebrates have increasingly used muscle synergy analysis as a computational tool to examine the physiological basis of motor control. The theoretical background of muscle synergies is based on the potential ability of the motor system to coordinate muscles groups as a single unit, thus reducing high-dimensional data to low-dimensional elements. Muscle synergy analysis may represent a new framework to examine the pathophysiological basis of specific motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), including balance and gait disorders that are often unresponsive to treatment. The precise mechanisms contributing to these motor symptoms in PD remain largely unknown. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of balance and gait disorders in PD is necessary to develop new therapeutic strategies. This narrative review discusses muscle synergies in the evaluation of motor symptoms in PD. We first discuss the theoretical background and computational methods for muscle synergy extraction from physiological data. We then critically examine studies assessing muscle synergies in PD during different motor tasks including balance, gait and upper limb movements. Finally, we speculate about the prospects and challenges of muscle synergy analysis in order to promote future research protocols in PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T05:16:14Z","timestamp":1591679774000},"page":"3209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Muscle Synergies in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1064-7962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Mileti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0227-1993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Zampogna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6577-5101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Santuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Atlantic Mobility Action Project, Brain Repair Centre, Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0717-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Asci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6057-7774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaccaria","family":"Del Prete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4985-0335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adamantios","family":"Arampatzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3213-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Palermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9903-5550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Suppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Parkinson\u2019s Disease Collaborators (2018). 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